{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377103877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5020031","title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Detection from Fused PET and MRI Modalities Using an Ensemble Classifier","display_name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Detection from Fused PET and MRI Modalities Using an Ensemble Classifier","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377103877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5020031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5020031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5020031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/2/31/pdf?version=1684401707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/2/31/pdf?version=1684401707","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061014692","display_name":"Amar Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9660-7461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amar Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073999971","display_name":"Rajeev Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-4748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeev Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-4748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007107453","display_name":"Shamik Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5987-7101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamik Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5987-7101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061014692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.1201,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96165011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"512","last_page":"538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9732999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positron-emission-tomography","display_name":"Positron emission tomography","score":0.7140380144119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.6517155766487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.631466269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","score":0.6227651834487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.507054328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48794645071029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimers-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.4758070409297943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4486904740333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.43106934428215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4272944927215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3889622688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.38094809651374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.34297245740890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.26357829570770264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775842073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376","display_name":"Positron emission tomography","level":2,"score":0.7140380144119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.6517155766487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.631466269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.6227651834487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.507054328918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48794645071029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.4758070409297943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4486904740333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.43106934428215027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4272944927215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3889622688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38094809651374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.34297245740890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.26357829570770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5020031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5020031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/2/31/pdf?version=1684401707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b23f00596d5b4730afaf5fdeac866bf1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b23f00596d5b4730afaf5fdeac866bf1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 5, Iss 2, Pp 512-538 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/5/2/31/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make5020031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5020031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5020031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/2/31/pdf?version=1684401707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377103877.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1763957826","https://openalex.org/W2023168194","https://openalex.org/W2027903877","https://openalex.org/W2054540100","https://openalex.org/W2067808181","https://openalex.org/W2078790263","https://openalex.org/W2093374391","https://openalex.org/W2093602450","https://openalex.org/W2120111102","https://openalex.org/W2134099103","https://openalex.org/W2146089088","https://openalex.org/W2157921593","https://openalex.org/W2488353765","https://openalex.org/W2555500380","https://openalex.org/W2804443444","https://openalex.org/W2912541111","https://openalex.org/W2914209001","https://openalex.org/W2940616544","https://openalex.org/W2960986212","https://openalex.org/W2987779221","https://openalex.org/W3000916201","https://openalex.org/W3006321375","https://openalex.org/W3009435139","https://openalex.org/W3018492956","https://openalex.org/W3025729836","https://openalex.org/W3031176687","https://openalex.org/W3089973229","https://openalex.org/W3092077324","https://openalex.org/W3094909210","https://openalex.org/W3113161813","https://openalex.org/W3115069763","https://openalex.org/W3122665304","https://openalex.org/W3125069671","https://openalex.org/W3127597934","https://openalex.org/W3134925858","https://openalex.org/W3158631207","https://openalex.org/W3158688866","https://openalex.org/W3178350790","https://openalex.org/W3184758801","https://openalex.org/W3194729470","https://openalex.org/W3195457683","https://openalex.org/W3209415657","https://openalex.org/W3211157017","https://openalex.org/W3212617687","https://openalex.org/W3212684309","https://openalex.org/W4205597106","https://openalex.org/W4210500502","https://openalex.org/W4283156058","https://openalex.org/W4299458309","https://openalex.org/W4303982355","https://openalex.org/W4311059915","https://openalex.org/W4312314221","https://openalex.org/W4319303935","https://openalex.org/W4323315257","https://openalex.org/W6679794737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185469136","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4306353150","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W4280648719","https://openalex.org/W3135126032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Alzheimer\u2019s":[0,111],"disease":[1,6,112],"(AD)":[2],"is":[3,66],"an":[4,144,159],"old-age":[5],"that":[7],"comes":[8],"in":[9,34,115,149],"different":[10,16,74],"stages":[11,30,51],"and":[12,28,38,49,81,92,124,139],"directly":[13],"affects":[14],"the":[15,19,24,45,70,87,98,129,132,166],"regions":[17],"of":[18,26,36,47,57,72,110,147,163],"brain.":[20],"The":[21,152],"research":[22],"into":[23],"detection":[25,46,157],"AD":[27,48,136,154,171],"its":[29,50],"has":[31],"new":[32],"advancements":[33],"terms":[35],"single-modality":[37],"multimodality":[39],"approaches.":[40],"However,":[41],"sustainable":[42],"techniques":[43],"for":[44,69],"still":[52],"require":[53],"a":[54,62,102],"greater":[55],"extent":[56],"research.":[58],"In":[59,128],"this":[60,116],"study,":[61],"multimodal":[63],"image-fusion":[64],"method":[65],"initially":[67],"proposed":[68],"fusion":[71],"two":[73],"modalities,":[75],"i.e.,":[76,135,170],"PET":[77],"(Positron":[78],"Emission":[79],"Tomography)":[80],"MRI":[82],"(Magnetic":[83],"Resonance":[84],"Imaging).":[85],"Further,":[86],"features":[88],"obtained":[89],"from":[90],"fused":[91],"non-fused":[93],"biomarkers":[94],"are":[95,113],"passed":[96],"to":[97],"ensemble":[99],"classifier":[100],"with":[101],"Random":[103],"Forest-based":[104],"feature":[105],"selection":[106],"strategy.":[107],"Three":[108],"classes":[109],"used":[114],"work,":[117],"namely":[118],"AD,":[119],"MCI":[120,140,156,173],"(Mild":[121],"Cognitive":[122],"Impairment)":[123],"CN":[125,138],"(Cognitive":[126],"Normal).":[127],"resulting":[130],"analysis,":[131],"Binary":[133],"classifications,":[134],"vs.":[137,141,155,172,174],"CN,":[142,175],"attained":[143],"accuracy":[145,161],"(Acc)":[146,162],"99%":[148],"both":[150],"cases.":[151],"class":[153],"achieved":[158,176],"adequate":[160],"91%.":[164],"Furthermore,":[165],"Multi":[167],"Class":[168],"classification,":[169],"96%":[177],"(Acc).":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2023-05-20T00:00:00"}