{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313569896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5010003","title":"Detecting Arabic Cyberbullying Tweets Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Detecting Arabic Cyberbullying Tweets Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313569896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5010003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/1/3/pdf?version=1672911961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/1/3/pdf?version=1672911961","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040784660","display_name":"Alanoud Mohammed Alduailaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-3632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alanoud Mohammed Alduailaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Abu Bakr Street, P.O. Box 93499, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2619-3632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Abu Bakr Street, P.O. Box 93499, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019279499","display_name":"Aymen Belghith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-9696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aymen Belghith","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Abu Bakr Street, P.O. Box 93499, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-9696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Abu Bakr Street, P.O. Box 93499, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019279499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1557},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1557},"fwci":7.6127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97999777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6959223747253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6561168432235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.6547761559486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6305614113807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.5748637914657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harassment","display_name":"Harassment","score":0.5176413655281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5138002038002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46446460485458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46153104305267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hatred","display_name":"Hatred","score":0.41599178314208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stigma","display_name":"Stigma (botany)","score":0.4141343832015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3716335892677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3620378375053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35020455718040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24806728959083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1398869752883911}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6959223747253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6561168432235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6547761559486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6305614113807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.5748637914657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240539","display_name":"Harassment","level":2,"score":0.5176413655281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5138002038002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46446460485458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46153104305267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780617971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160232","display_name":"Hatred","level":3,"score":0.41599178314208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168285401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427245","display_name":"Stigma (botany)","level":2,"score":0.4141343832015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3716335892677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3620378375053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35020455718040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24806728959083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1398869752883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/1/3/pdf?version=1672911961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7ee85f19819413ca8b048e19f1e9f7f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7ee85f19819413ca8b048e19f1e9f7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 29-42 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make5010003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make5010003","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/5/1/3/pdf?version=1672911961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313569896.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2471147443","https://openalex.org/W2495235750","https://openalex.org/W2766006636","https://openalex.org/W2782025168","https://openalex.org/W2794284813","https://openalex.org/W2890931798","https://openalex.org/W2901224794","https://openalex.org/W2908124272","https://openalex.org/W2981921704","https://openalex.org/W2984315699","https://openalex.org/W3010926394","https://openalex.org/W3035887866","https://openalex.org/W3097340282","https://openalex.org/W3146521653","https://openalex.org/W3200598134","https://openalex.org/W4245402102","https://openalex.org/W4293071540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338899373","https://openalex.org/W4252285266","https://openalex.org/W199254545","https://openalex.org/W2476504758","https://openalex.org/W130049284","https://openalex.org/W4248464163","https://openalex.org/W2997836625","https://openalex.org/W111175386","https://openalex.org/W2739134997","https://openalex.org/W2972674838"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,128],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,12,34,51,90,171],"technology":[3],"has":[4,39,61],"paved":[5],"the":[6,21,32,49,68,95,121,134,155,160,169],"way":[7],"for":[8,124],"a":[9,26,46,100,143],"new":[10],"type":[11],"bullying,":[13],"which":[14],"often":[15],"leads":[16],"to":[17,45,64,94,116,151,163],"negative":[18],"stigma":[19],"in":[20,48,56,107,120],"social":[22,52,109],"setting.":[23],"Cyberbullying":[24],"is":[25],"cybercrime":[27],"wherein":[28],"one":[29],"individual":[30],"becomes":[31],"target":[33],"harassment":[35],"and":[36,84,149,153,167],"hatred.":[37],"It":[38],"recently":[40],"become":[41],"more":[42],"prevalent":[43],"due":[44],"rise":[47],"usage":[50],"media":[53,110],"platforms,":[54],"and,":[55],"some":[57],"severe":[58],"situations,":[59],"it":[60],"even":[62],"led":[63],"victims\u2019":[65],"suicides.":[66],"In":[67],"literature,":[69],"several":[70],"cyberbullying":[71,105,126,132],"detection":[72,106,170],"methods":[73],"are":[74,78,92],"proposed,":[75],"but":[76],"they":[77],"mainly":[79],"focused":[80],"on":[81],"word-based":[82],"data":[83],"user":[85],"account":[86],"attributes.":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"most":[89],"them":[91],"related":[93],"English":[96],"language.":[97],"Meanwhile,":[98],"only":[99],"few":[101],"papers":[102],"have":[103],"studied":[104],"Arabic":[108,122],"platforms.":[111],"This":[112],"paper,":[113],"therefore,":[114],"aims":[115],"use":[117],"machine":[118],"learning":[119],"language":[123],"automatic":[125],"detection.":[127],"proposed":[129],"mechanism":[130],"identifies":[131],"using":[133,142],"Support":[135],"Vector":[136],"Machine":[137],"(SVM)":[138],"classifier":[139],"algorithm":[140],"by":[141],"real":[144],"dataset":[145],"obtained":[146],"from":[147],"YouTube":[148],"Twitter":[150],"train":[152],"test":[154],"classifier.":[156],"Moreover,":[157],"we":[158],"include":[159],"Farasa":[161],"tool":[162],"overcome":[164],"text":[165],"limitations":[166],"improve":[168],"bullying":[172],"attacks.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}