{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296633812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make4040040","title":"Artificial Intelligence Methods for Identifying and Localizing Abnormal Parathyroid Glands: A Review Study","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Methods for Identifying and Localizing Abnormal Parathyroid Glands: A Review Study","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296633812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make4040040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make4040040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make4040040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/4/4/40/pdf?version=1664272582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/4/4/40/pdf?version=1664272582","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070462429","display_name":"Ioannis D. Apostolopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-9282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis D. Apostolopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-9282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089706575","display_name":"\u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-1991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos I. Papandrianos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Systems, Gaiopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-1991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Systems, Gaiopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037965915","display_name":"Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-9661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Systems, Gaiopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-9661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Systems, Gaiopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085441021","display_name":"D. Apostolopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-2118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801754460","display_name":"General University Hospital of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/03c3d1v10","country_code":"GR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801754460"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris J. Apostolopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nuclear Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644","https://openalex.org/I2801754460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070462429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1559},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1559},"fwci":0.4923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68547141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"814","last_page":"826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9452000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-hyperparathyroidism","display_name":"Primary hyperparathyroidism","score":0.8090182542800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parathyroidectomy","display_name":"Parathyroidectomy","score":0.6122145652770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.570027232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparathyroidism","display_name":"Hyperparathyroidism","score":0.4701804220676422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parathyroid-adenoma","display_name":"Parathyroid adenoma","score":0.43419700860977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3725453317165375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.36246153712272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.3288215100765228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.278075635433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parathyroid-hormone","display_name":"Parathyroid hormone","score":0.22427836060523987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.17240113019943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium","display_name":"Calcium","score":0.07450991868972778}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779053571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919083","display_name":"Primary hyperparathyroidism","level":2,"score":0.8090182542800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777645128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7136153","display_name":"Parathyroidectomy","level":4,"score":0.6122145652770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.570027232170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344835","display_name":"Hyperparathyroidism","level":2,"score":0.4701804220676422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780273267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4057495","display_name":"Parathyroid adenoma","level":3,"score":0.43419700860977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3725453317165375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.36246153712272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.3288215100765228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.278075635433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781208988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202476","display_name":"Parathyroid hormone","level":3,"score":0.22427836060523987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.17240113019943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519063684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706","display_name":"Calcium","level":2,"score":0.07450991868972778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make4040040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make4040040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/4/4/40/pdf?version=1664272582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8be41d6be997493cb2059bb2620fccee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8be41d6be997493cb2059bb2620fccee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp 814-826 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uth.gr:11615/70734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11615/70734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400243","display_name":"University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","host_organization_name":"University of Thessaly","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"other"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/4/4/40/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make4040040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction; Volume 4; Issue 4; Pages: 814-826","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make4040040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make4040040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/4/4/40/pdf?version=1664272582","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296633812.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296633812.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571801203","https://openalex.org/W1987552279","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2157634582","https://openalex.org/W2565861041","https://openalex.org/W2594407953","https://openalex.org/W2614851820","https://openalex.org/W2729054167","https://openalex.org/W2765832510","https://openalex.org/W2768149277","https://openalex.org/W2894026248","https://openalex.org/W2901785186","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2957007523","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2984353870","https://openalex.org/W2991961269","https://openalex.org/W3014361272","https://openalex.org/W3025161810","https://openalex.org/W3046401502","https://openalex.org/W3126426784","https://openalex.org/W3133757672","https://openalex.org/W3135015746","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3145360051","https://openalex.org/W3159513182","https://openalex.org/W3160643432","https://openalex.org/W3191358939","https://openalex.org/W3196396697","https://openalex.org/W3204130547","https://openalex.org/W3206496513","https://openalex.org/W4210598935","https://openalex.org/W4211028492","https://openalex.org/W4213078098","https://openalex.org/W4221072129","https://openalex.org/W4221080858","https://openalex.org/W4223436745","https://openalex.org/W4253987207","https://openalex.org/W4254460084","https://openalex.org/W4281959325","https://openalex.org/W4282922517","https://openalex.org/W4283724279","https://openalex.org/W4288442909","https://openalex.org/W4293169270","https://openalex.org/W6683179829","https://openalex.org/W6781692981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010490114","https://openalex.org/W2426484559","https://openalex.org/W3203009142","https://openalex.org/W3197943287","https://openalex.org/W4285602005","https://openalex.org/W2085524883","https://openalex.org/W2981992207","https://openalex.org/W2114676040","https://openalex.org/W2902545798","https://openalex.org/W2396931414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Recent":[1,23],"advances":[2],"in":[3,17,61,113],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"algorithms,":[7],"and":[8,19,56,63,69,78,87,101,106,117,129],"specifically":[9],"Deep":[10],"Learning":[11,100],"(DL)":[12],"methods,":[13],"demonstrate":[14],"substantial":[15],"performance":[16],"detecting":[18],"classifying":[20],"medical":[21],"images.":[22],"clinical":[24],"studies":[25],"have":[26],"reported":[27],"novel":[28],"optical":[29],"technologies":[30,48],"which":[31],"enhance":[32],"the":[33,37,53,71],"localization":[34],"or":[35,45],"assess":[36],"viability":[38],"of":[39,73],"Parathyroid":[40,84],"Glands":[41],"(PG)":[42],"during":[43,127],"surgery,":[44],"preoperatively.":[46],"These":[47],"could":[49],"become":[50],"complementary":[51],"to":[52],"surgeon\u2019s":[54],"eyes":[55],"may":[57],"improve":[58],"surgical":[59],"outcomes":[60],"thyroidectomy":[62],"parathyroidectomy.":[64],"Methods:":[65],"The":[66,92],"study":[67],"explores":[68],"reports":[70],"use":[72],"AI":[74,110],"methods":[75,103],"for":[76,104],"identifying":[77],"localizing":[79],"PGs,":[80],"Primary":[81],"Hyperparathyroidism":[82],"(PHPT),":[83],"Adenoma":[85],"(PTA),":[86],"Multiglandular":[88],"Disease":[89],"(MGD).":[90],"Results:":[91],"review":[93],"identified":[94],"13":[95],"publications":[96],"that":[97],"employ":[98],"Machine":[99],"DL":[102],"preoperative":[105],"operative":[107],"implementations.":[108],"Conclusions:":[109],"can":[111],"aid":[112],"PG,":[114],"PHPT,":[115],"PTA,":[116],"MGD":[118],"detection,":[119],"as":[120,122],"well":[121],"PG":[123],"abnormality":[124],"discrimination,":[125],"both":[126],"surgery":[128],"non-invasively.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-10T07:06:39.071514","created_date":"2022-09-23T00:00:00"}
