{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2977512614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1040059","title":"Towards Image Classification with Machine Learning Methodologies for Smartphones","display_name":"Towards Image Classification with Machine Learning Methodologies for Smartphones","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2977512614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1040059","mag":"2977512614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1040059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1040059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/4/59/pdf?version=1571796966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/4/59/pdf?version=1571796966","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lili Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011752471","display_name":"Petros Spachos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8004-0907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Petros Spachos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8004-0907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011752471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.838,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88854909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"1039","last_page":"1057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8009909391403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7248103618621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7108731865882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7096583843231201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5744924545288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-transfer","display_name":"Inductive transfer","score":0.47643858194351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.46188634634017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/butterfly","display_name":"Butterfly","score":0.44263955950737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-learning","display_name":"Robot learning","score":0.22836551070213318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.08157879114151001}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8009909391403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7248103618621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7108731865882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7096583843231201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5744924545288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77075516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027324","display_name":"Inductive transfer","level":5,"score":0.47643858194351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.46188634634017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1018085","display_name":"Butterfly","level":2,"score":0.44263955950737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188888258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353390","display_name":"Robot learning","level":4,"score":0.22836551070213318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.08157879114151001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1040059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1040059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/4/59/pdf?version=1571796966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/1/4/59/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make1040059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1040059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1040059","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/4/59/pdf?version=1571796966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6082839964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN/2016-04007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2977512614.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2977512614.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103043116","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1949176574","https://openalex.org/W1952099871","https://openalex.org/W1984944722","https://openalex.org/W2016225204","https://openalex.org/W2016348716","https://openalex.org/W2021005899","https://openalex.org/W2047022254","https://openalex.org/W2054111430","https://openalex.org/W2073576905","https://openalex.org/W2077871208","https://openalex.org/W2080171500","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2123779238","https://openalex.org/W2134373668","https://openalex.org/W2146592546","https://openalex.org/W2152854843","https://openalex.org/W2186288137","https://openalex.org/W2277768259","https://openalex.org/W2515006352","https://openalex.org/W2558974524","https://openalex.org/W2567643253","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963152987","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6679936239","https://openalex.org/W6686450121","https://openalex.org/W6731128845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3016888008","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3023427754","https://openalex.org/W4375928479","https://openalex.org/W2745420784","https://openalex.org/W3131673289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"developments":[1],"in":[2,23,38,87],"machine":[3,60],"learning":[4,31,36,63,66],"engendered":[5],"many":[6],"algorithms":[7],"designed":[8],"to":[9,45,68,85],"solve":[10],"diverse":[11],"problems.":[12],"More":[13],"complicated":[14],"tasks":[15],"can":[16,93],"be":[17],"solved":[18],"since":[19],"numerous":[20],"features":[21],"included":[22],"much":[24],"larger":[25],"datasets":[26],"are":[27],"extracted":[28],"by":[29,72,100],"deep":[30,62],"architectures.":[32],"The":[33,91],"prevailing":[34],"transfer":[35,65],"method":[37],"recent":[39],"years":[40],"enables":[41],"researchers":[42],"and":[43,51,64,74,80],"engineers":[44],"conduct":[46],"experiments":[47],"within":[48],"limited":[49],"computing":[50],"time":[52],"constraints.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"evaluated":[58],"traditional":[59],"learning,":[61],"methodologies":[67],"compare":[69],"their":[70],"characteristics":[71],"training":[73],"testing":[75],"on":[76],"a":[77,98,103,107],"butterfly":[78,99,108],"dataset,":[79],"determined":[81],"the":[82,95,114],"optimal":[83],"model":[84],"deploy":[86],"an":[88],"Android":[89],"application.":[90],"application":[92],"detect":[94],"category":[96],"of":[97,106],"either":[101],"capturing":[102],"real-time":[104],"picture":[105,112],"or":[109],"choosing":[110],"one":[111],"from":[113],"mobile":[115],"gallery.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}