{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2810491722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1010007","title":"Phi-Delta-Diagrams: Software Implementation of a Visual Tool for Assessing Classifier and Feature Performance","display_name":"Phi-Delta-Diagrams: Software Implementation of a Visual Tool for Assessing Classifier and Feature Performance","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2810491722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1010007","mag":"2810491722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1010007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1010007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/1/7/pdf?version=1545200239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/1/7/pdf?version=1545200239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010844048","display_name":"Giuliano Armano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-1433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuliano Armano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103268365","display_name":"Alessandro Giuliani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5576-7311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Giuliani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108252872","display_name":"Ursula Neumann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ursula Neumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010163151","display_name":"Nikolas Rothe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolas Rothe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060650201","display_name":"Dominik Heider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-8311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Heider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-8311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060650201"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.3385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68164526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"121","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.7907156944274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7174859046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6333061456680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5034839510917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4989495277404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.4680701494216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4572242796421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44722452759742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.42467084527015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3721098303794861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.22754257917404175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7907156944274902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7174859046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6333061456680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5034839510917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4989495277404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.4680701494216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4572242796421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44722452759742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.42467084527015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3721098303794861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.22754257917404175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1010007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1010007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/1/7/pdf?version=1545200239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/254508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11584/254508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-4990/1/1/7/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make1010007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/make1010007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/make1010007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-4990/1/1/7/pdf?version=1545200239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213891","display_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","issn_l":"2504-4990","issn":["2504-4990"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2810491722.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2810491722.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W910462606","https://openalex.org/W1752118780","https://openalex.org/W1842902660","https://openalex.org/W1986515506","https://openalex.org/W2005825070","https://openalex.org/W2011101028","https://openalex.org/W2029470356","https://openalex.org/W2042122551","https://openalex.org/W2045935063","https://openalex.org/W2049736842","https://openalex.org/W2053337262","https://openalex.org/W2070181657","https://openalex.org/W2095174088","https://openalex.org/W2115650093","https://openalex.org/W2149308034","https://openalex.org/W2152387744","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2337082154","https://openalex.org/W2484065175","https://openalex.org/W2725273399","https://openalex.org/W2809489729","https://openalex.org/W4237171445","https://openalex.org/W4388317518","https://openalex.org/W6651521746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350751952","https://openalex.org/W2362114017","https://openalex.org/W1999647744","https://openalex.org/W3147024994","https://openalex.org/W1978302214","https://openalex.org/W2063246903","https://openalex.org/W2374055396","https://openalex.org/W2021817983","https://openalex.org/W3021047493","https://openalex.org/W2371177901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,30,60,111,134],"this":[1,13,112],"article,":[2],"a":[3,75,114,124,145],"two-tiered":[4],"2D":[5],"tool":[6,14,126],"is":[7,132],"described,":[8],"called":[9],"\u27e8\u03c6,\u03b4\u27e9":[10,91,121],"diagrams,":[11],"and":[12,28,67,88,129,150,154],"has":[15],"been":[16],"devised":[17],"to":[18,50,74,85,97,119],"support":[19],"the":[20,39,53,63,86,99,137],"assessment":[21,131],"of":[22,26,65,101,139],"classifiers":[23],"in":[24,43,80],"terms":[25],"accuracy":[27,66],"bias.":[29],"their":[31,148],"standard":[32,125],"versions,":[33],"these":[34],"diagrams":[35,92,122],"provide":[36],"information,":[37],"as":[38,103,123,152],"underlying":[40],"data":[41],"were":[42],"fact":[44,81],"balanced.":[45],"Their":[46],"generalization,":[47],"i.e.,":[48],"ability":[49],"account":[51],"for":[52,127],"imbalance,":[54],"will":[55,157],"be":[56,95,158],"also":[57,94],"briefly":[58],"described.":[59,159],"either":[61],"case,":[62],"isometrics":[64],"bias":[68],"are":[69,79,107],"immediately":[70,108],"evident":[71,109],"therein,":[72],"as\u2014according":[73],"specific":[76],"design":[77],"choice\u2014they":[78],"straight":[82],"lines":[83],"parallel":[84],"x-axis":[87],"y-axis,":[89],"respectively.":[90],"can":[93],"used":[96],"assess":[98],"importance":[100],"features,":[102],"highly":[104],"discriminant":[105],"ones":[106],"therein.":[110],"paper,":[113],"comprehensive":[115],"introduction":[116],"on":[117],"how":[118],"adopt":[120],"classifier":[128],"feature":[130],"given.":[133],"particular,":[135],"with":[136],"goal":[138],"illustrating":[140],"all":[141],"relevant":[142],"details":[143],"from":[144],"pragmatic":[146],"perspective,":[147],"implementation":[149],"usage":[151],"Python":[153],"R":[155],"packages":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}