{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413922429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030233","title":"Hesitant Fuzzy-BWM Risk Evaluation Framework for E-Business Supply Chain Cooperation for China\u2013West Africa Digital Trade","display_name":"Hesitant Fuzzy-BWM Risk Evaluation Framework for E-Business Supply Chain Cooperation for China\u2013West Africa Digital Trade","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413922429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jtaer20030233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/20/3/233/pdf?version=1756826041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27967161","display_name":"Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research","issn_l":"0718-1876","issn":["0718-1876"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/20/3/233/pdf?version=1756826041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101152164","display_name":"Shurong Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shurong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119228026","display_name":"Tamimu Mohammed Gadafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4847-6714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Gadafi Tamimu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","School of Management and Economics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4847-6714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Economics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101440988","display_name":"Ailing Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6487-6322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ailing Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050755794","display_name":"Tiantian Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100892930","display_name":"Yang Yongxing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongxing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for West African Studies, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119228026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":9.4985,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97551293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"233","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11864","display_name":"Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11864","display_name":"Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Management","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.955299973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6910107135772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.6549755334854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5982860326766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5381494760513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33685407042503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.3241754174232483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.19244834780693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17469468712806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09414762258529663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6910107135772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.6549755334854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5982860326766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5381494760513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33685407042503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3241754174232483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.19244834780693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17469468712806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09414762258529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jtaer20030233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/20/3/233/pdf?version=1756826041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27967161","display_name":"Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research","issn_l":"0718-1876","issn":["0718-1876"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5a635938c654f57a5a8a62e40aaa44a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5a635938c654f57a5a8a62e40aaa44a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol 20, Iss 3, p 233 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jtaer20030233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/20/3/233/pdf?version=1756826041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27967161","display_name":"Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research","issn_l":"0718-1876","issn":["0718-1876"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413922429.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413922429.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033401964","https://openalex.org/W3093350070","https://openalex.org/W3095313051","https://openalex.org/W3121733748","https://openalex.org/W3153211136","https://openalex.org/W3174026156","https://openalex.org/W3176890593","https://openalex.org/W4206928341","https://openalex.org/W4294146783","https://openalex.org/W4306764867","https://openalex.org/W4375852471","https://openalex.org/W4383498429","https://openalex.org/W4383621816","https://openalex.org/W4386431453","https://openalex.org/W4386901820","https://openalex.org/W4387551887","https://openalex.org/W4389238040","https://openalex.org/W4395061529","https://openalex.org/W4399762499","https://openalex.org/W4401392433","https://openalex.org/W4403307642","https://openalex.org/W4404533498","https://openalex.org/W4404567777","https://openalex.org/W4409706045","https://openalex.org/W4409831666","https://openalex.org/W4410049516","https://openalex.org/W4413089456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2350270224","https://openalex.org/W2354620178","https://openalex.org/W600967366","https://openalex.org/W4403952488","https://openalex.org/W2383989146","https://openalex.org/W2351486628","https://openalex.org/W2192670466","https://openalex.org/W3009514698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,25,50,257],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,28,39,57,72,93,108,155,204,218,230,245,271],"risks":[4,76,91,247],"linked":[5],"to":[6,34,65,161,243,268],"E-business":[7],"collaboration":[8,282],"between":[9,285],"China":[10,286],"and":[11,37,43,62,77,83,102,113,147,165,174,193,203,223,238,248,266,275,283,287],"West":[12,288],"Africa,":[13],"with":[14,97],"particular":[15],"emphasis":[16],"on":[17,80],"Ghana":[18],"as":[19,107,127,141,154,171,180,211],"a":[20,67,187],"pivotal":[21],"digital":[22,99,136,150,291],"commerce":[23],"centre.":[24],"research":[26,118],"employs":[27],"Hesitant":[29],"Fuzzy":[30],"Best\u2013Worst":[31],"Method":[32],"(HF-BWM)":[33],"systematically":[35],"identify":[36],"prioritise":[38],"institutional,":[40],"technological,":[41],"sociocultural,":[42],"legal":[44,197,221],"issues":[45],"affecting":[46],"cross-border":[47,224],"e-business":[48,215,255],"operations.":[49],"study":[51,258],"combines":[52],"Transaction":[53],"Cost":[54],"Theory":[55,64],"(TCT),":[56],"Technology":[58],"Acceptance":[59],"Model":[60],"(TAM),":[61],"Commitment\u2013Trust":[63],"create":[66],"comprehensive":[68],"framework":[69],"for":[70,232,240,262],"analysing":[71],"interplay":[73],"of":[74,111,206,214,220],"these":[75,121],"their":[78],"effects":[79],"transaction":[81,100,115],"costs":[82],"company":[84],"sustainability.":[85],"The":[86,117,227],"findings":[87],"indicate":[88],"that":[89,120,279],"institutional":[90,122,194],"constitute":[92],"most":[94,157],"substantial":[95,212],"obstacles,":[96],"deficient":[98],"legislation":[101,202],"inadequate":[103],"data":[104],"governance":[105],"recognised":[106,179],"principal":[109],"drivers":[110],"uncertainty":[112],"increased":[114],"costs.":[116],"indicates":[119],"challenges":[123],"necessitate":[124],"immediate":[125],"focus,":[126],"they":[128],"immediately":[129],"affect":[130],"corporate":[131],"operations,":[132],"especially":[133,199],"in":[134,149,236,252,290],"international":[135],"commerce.":[137],"Technological":[138],"risks,":[139,198],"such":[140,170],"cybersecurity":[142],"vulnerabilities,":[143],"insufficient":[144],"IT":[145],"skills,":[146],"deficiencies":[148],"infrastructure,":[151],"were":[152,178,209],"identified":[153,210,246],"second":[156],"critical":[158],"factors,":[159],"leading":[160],"considerable":[162],"operational":[163],"disruptions":[164],"heightened":[166],"expenses.":[167],"Sociocultural":[168],"hazards,":[169],"language":[172],"difficulties":[173],"varying":[175],"consumer":[176],"behaviours,":[177],"moderate":[181],"concerns":[182],"that,":[183],"although":[184],"significant,":[185],"exert":[186],"weaker":[188],"cumulative":[189],"impact":[190],"than":[191],"technological":[192],"challenges.":[195],"Eventually,":[196],"concerning":[200],"cybercrime":[201],"protection":[205],"intellectual":[207],"property,":[208],"complicators":[213],"activities,":[216],"increasing":[217],"intricacy":[219],"compliance":[222],"contract":[225],"enforcement.":[226],"results":[228],"underscore":[229],"imperative":[231],"regulatory":[233],"reforms,":[234],"investments":[235],"cybersecurity,":[237],"methods":[239],"cultural":[241],"adaptation":[242],"alleviate":[244],"promote":[249],"sustainable":[250],"growth":[251],"China\u2013West":[253],"Africa":[254,289],"relationships.":[256],"offers":[259],"practical":[260],"insights":[261],"governments,":[263],"business":[264],"leaders,":[265],"investors":[267],"effectively":[269],"manage":[270],"intricate":[272],"risk":[273],"landscape":[274],"make":[276],"educated":[277],"decisions":[278],"foster":[280],"enduring":[281],"trust":[284],"trade.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}