{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214738963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010016","title":"Application of Benford\u2019s Law on Cryptocurrencies","display_name":"Application of Benford\u2019s Law on Cryptocurrencies","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214738963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jtaer17010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/17/1/16/pdf?version=1645781590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27967161","display_name":"Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research","issn_l":"0718-1876","issn":["0718-1876"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/17/1/16/pdf?version=1645781590","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026395165","display_name":"Jernej Vi\u010di\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-5009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","display_name":"University of Primorska","ror":"https://ror.org/05xefg082","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179066132","display_name":"Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04evj0n95","country_code":"SI","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179066132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154574","display_name":"Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04zvj8c18","country_code":null,"type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154574"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jernej Vi\u010di\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia","Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Fran Ramov\u0161 Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-5009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, The Fran Ramov\u0161 Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179066132","https://openalex.org/I4387154574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054186603","display_name":"Aleksandar To\u0161i\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-4420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118905719","display_name":"University of Primorska","ror":"https://ror.org/05xefg082","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738086","display_name":"InnoRenew CoE","ror":"https://ror.org/0538nf417","country_code":"SI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738086"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandar To\u0161i\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia","InnoRenew CoE, 6310 Izola, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-4420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"InnoRenew CoE, 6310 Izola, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738086"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026395165"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118905719","https://openalex.org/I179066132","https://openalex.org/I4387154574"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":4.1954,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9554889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"313","last_page":"326"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9613000154495239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.8268882036209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benfords-law","display_name":"Benford's law","score":0.7785817384719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.719580888748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformity","display_name":"Conformity","score":0.6958836317062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5572656393051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5159966945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4434964060783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3506472110748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.28894418478012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1635860800743103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.8268882036209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152636012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817168","display_name":"Benford's law","level":2,"score":0.7785817384719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.719580888748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142172996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221284","display_name":"Conformity","level":2,"score":0.6958836317062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5572656393051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5159966945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4434964060783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3506472110748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.28894418478012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1635860800743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jtaer17010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/17/1/16/pdf?version=1645781590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27967161","display_name":"Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research","issn_l":"0718-1876","issn":["0718-1876"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c42992e3b3d42baabf9a68ac27f5af4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c42992e3b3d42baabf9a68ac27f5af4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 313-326 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/0718-1876/17/1/16/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research; Volume 17; Issue 1; Pages: 313-326","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8134604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/8134604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 17(1)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jtaer17010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/0718-1876/17/1/16/pdf?version=1645781590","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27967161","display_name":"Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research","issn_l":"0718-1876","issn":["0718-1876"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G161428917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#739574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2871630000","display_name":"Autonomic edge computing for air quality monitoring","funder_award_id":"J2-2504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3350119566","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#739574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3442217559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IO-0035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3509921061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J2-2504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8170149473","display_name":"Renewable materials and healthy environments research and innovation centre of excellence","funder_award_id":"739574","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214738963.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214738963.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185290757","https://openalex.org/W292779332","https://openalex.org/W1536719639","https://openalex.org/W1552215349","https://openalex.org/W1649927443","https://openalex.org/W1967842708","https://openalex.org/W1988966572","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2038573907","https://openalex.org/W2039166968","https://openalex.org/W2043225555","https://openalex.org/W2063462761","https://openalex.org/W2100846639","https://openalex.org/W2119004707","https://openalex.org/W2190026262","https://openalex.org/W2327767063","https://openalex.org/W2489330990","https://openalex.org/W2555782333","https://openalex.org/W2609571438","https://openalex.org/W2769170723","https://openalex.org/W2785973119","https://openalex.org/W2794181079","https://openalex.org/W2883343357","https://openalex.org/W2901725274","https://openalex.org/W2964139938","https://openalex.org/W2969297966","https://openalex.org/W3006668450","https://openalex.org/W3031720222","https://openalex.org/W3164964584","https://openalex.org/W3196845273","https://openalex.org/W4238222989","https://openalex.org/W6687947124","https://openalex.org/W6762473318","https://openalex.org/W6779307057","https://openalex.org/W6819198877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2734415684","https://openalex.org/W1980147927","https://openalex.org/W3186068795","https://openalex.org/W2165048824","https://openalex.org/W3124667545","https://openalex.org/W4366411693","https://openalex.org/W3211641817","https://openalex.org/W4212843477","https://openalex.org/W2957710009","https://openalex.org/W3115531728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86,166,208,257],"manuscript":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,15,25,46,54,58,78,127,131,139,155,188],"study":[4],"of":[5,8,10,30,99,130,147,182,196,232,262,280,284],"the":[6,20,28,36,37,145,180,183,194,205,246,250,263,277,296,302],"possibility":[7],"use":[9,163],"Benford\u2019s":[11,143,200,235,270,293],"law":[12,146,201,236,271],"conformity":[13,202,237],"test,":[14],"well":[16,184,255,273,286],"proven":[17],"tool":[18,156],"in":[19,35,76,174,191,214,245],"accounting":[21],"fraud":[22],"discovery,":[23],"on":[24,110,211],"new":[26,59,97,189,303],"domain:":[27],"discovery":[29],"anomalies":[31,251],"(possibly":[32],"fraudulent":[33],"behaviour)":[34],"cryptocurrency":[38,206,288],"transactions.":[39,107],"Blockchain-based":[40],"currencies":[41],"or":[42],"cryptocurrencies":[43,264],"have":[44,92],"become":[45],"global":[47],"phenomenon":[48],"known":[49,287],"to":[50,64,95,121,157,178,187,204,227,269,292,301],"most":[51,261],"people":[52],"as":[53,154],"disruptive":[55],"technology,":[56],"and":[57,83,102,113,239,254],"investment":[60],"vehicle.":[61],"However,":[62,125],"due":[63],"their":[65],"decentralized":[66],"nature,":[67],"regulating":[68],"these":[69],"markets":[70],"has":[71,118,150],"presented":[72,173],"regulators":[73,94],"with":[74],"difficulties":[75],"finding":[77],"balance":[79],"between":[80],"nurturing":[81],"innovation,":[82],"protecting":[84],"consumers.":[85],"growing":[87],"concerns":[88],"about":[89],"illicit":[90],"activity":[91],"forced":[93],"seek":[96],"ways":[98],"detecting,":[100],"analyzing,":[101],"ultimately":[103],"policing":[104],"public":[105,132],"blockchain":[106],"Extensive":[108],"research":[109,172,209],"machine":[111],"learning,":[112],"transaction":[114,212,282],"graph":[115],"analysis":[116],"algorithms":[117],"been":[119,151],"done":[120],"track":[122],"suspicious":[123],"behaviour.":[124],"having":[126],"macro":[128],"view":[129],"ledger":[133],"is":[134,299],"equally":[135],"important":[136],"before":[137],"pursuing":[138],"more":[140],"fine-grained":[141],"analysis.":[142],"law,":[144],"first":[148,278],"digit,":[149],"extensively":[152],"used":[153],"discover":[158],"accountant":[159],"frauds":[160],"(many":[161],"other":[162],"cases":[164],"exist).":[165],"basic":[167],"motivation":[168],"that":[169,223,249,260,265],"drove":[170],"our":[171],"this":[175,192],"paper":[176],"was":[177,221,224,240],"test":[179,203],"applicability":[181],"established":[185],"method":[186,298],"domain,":[190],"case":[193],"identification":[195],"anomalous":[197,275],"behavior":[198],"using":[199],"domain.":[207,304],"focused":[210],"values":[213,283],"all":[215,285],"major":[216],"cryptocurrencies.":[217],"A":[218],"suitable":[219],"time-period":[220],"identified":[222,253],"long":[225,243],"enough":[226,244],"present":[228],"sufficiently":[229],"large":[230],"number":[231],"observations":[233],"for":[234],"tests":[238],"also":[241],"situated":[242],"past":[247],"so":[248],"were":[252,290],"documented.":[256],"results":[258],"show":[259],"did":[266],"not":[267],"conform":[268],"had":[272],"documented":[274],"incidents,":[276],"digits":[279],"aggregated":[281],"projects":[289],"conforming":[291],"law.":[294],"Thus":[295],"proposed":[297],"applicable":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}