{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945392978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020032","title":"A System for Monitoring Breathing Activity Using an Ultrasonic Radar Detection with Low Power Consumption","display_name":"A System for Monitoring Breathing Activity Using an Ultrasonic Radar Detection with Low Power Consumption","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945392978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020032","mag":"2945392978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan8020032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/8/2/32/pdf?version=1559204817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/8/2/32/pdf?version=1559204817","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000023371","display_name":"Ali Al\u2010Naji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8840-9235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["AU","IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Al-Naji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 1022, Iraq","School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8840-9235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 1022, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018487529","display_name":"Ali Al-Askery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-4640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali J. Al-Askery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 1022, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-4640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 1022, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030041439","display_name":"Sadik Kamel Gharghan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-1775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadik Kamel Gharghan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 1022, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-1775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 1022, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090327828","display_name":"Javaan Chahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-0543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javaan Chahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint and Operations Analysis Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia","School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-0543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint and Operations Analysis Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000023371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107","https://openalex.org/I4210115078"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.6939,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8289684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"32","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6718096137046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5952630043029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breathing","display_name":"Breathing","score":0.5825132727622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.5327273607254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gsm","display_name":"GSM","score":0.5260220170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-monitoring","display_name":"Respiratory monitoring","score":0.4710526466369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3492858409881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2259540855884552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20433461666107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-system","display_name":"Respiratory system","score":0.17191195487976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09383448958396912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anesthesia","display_name":"Anesthesia","score":0.09255823493003845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6718096137046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5952630043029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39300077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9530","display_name":"Breathing","level":2,"score":0.5825132727622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.5327273607254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59201141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46904","display_name":"GSM","level":2,"score":0.5260220170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779358675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766250","display_name":"Respiratory monitoring","level":3,"score":0.4710526466369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3492858409881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2259540855884552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20433461666107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.17191195487976074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09383448958396912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.09255823493003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan8020032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/8/2/32/pdf?version=1559204817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f8399eb309b42d49af63976692711f8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f8399eb309b42d49af63976692711f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 8, Iss 2, p 32 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2224-2708/8/2/32/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan8020032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan8020032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/8/2/32/pdf?version=1559204817","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320979","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945392978.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945392978.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W230176427","https://openalex.org/W1433077051","https://openalex.org/W1602771212","https://openalex.org/W1776475095","https://openalex.org/W1908006130","https://openalex.org/W1912456990","https://openalex.org/W1965273172","https://openalex.org/W1966010110","https://openalex.org/W1969039939","https://openalex.org/W1986618684","https://openalex.org/W1986704048","https://openalex.org/W1988071329","https://openalex.org/W1988241240","https://openalex.org/W1991069594","https://openalex.org/W2001191382","https://openalex.org/W2003169355","https://openalex.org/W2005774119","https://openalex.org/W2011989160","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2021973010","https://openalex.org/W2029695612","https://openalex.org/W2029940342","https://openalex.org/W2044935899","https://openalex.org/W2057207401","https://openalex.org/W2066239727","https://openalex.org/W2072442733","https://openalex.org/W2092250841","https://openalex.org/W2096426160","https://openalex.org/W2098577709","https://openalex.org/W2105750144","https://openalex.org/W2120545417","https://openalex.org/W2130661004","https://openalex.org/W2134463949","https://openalex.org/W2137355544","https://openalex.org/W2139070213","https://openalex.org/W2139284748","https://openalex.org/W2141004731","https://openalex.org/W2280452617","https://openalex.org/W2285327399","https://openalex.org/W2343196801","https://openalex.org/W2443322392","https://openalex.org/W2507587670","https://openalex.org/W2516765476","https://openalex.org/W2517348122","https://openalex.org/W2537945650","https://openalex.org/W2577759061","https://openalex.org/W2583560550","https://openalex.org/W2593524020","https://openalex.org/W2604107108","https://openalex.org/W2604136836","https://openalex.org/W2604620851","https://openalex.org/W2608272808","https://openalex.org/W2611150242","https://openalex.org/W2620146969","https://openalex.org/W2626330312","https://openalex.org/W2743573221","https://openalex.org/W2745197867","https://openalex.org/W2759231371","https://openalex.org/W2759803525","https://openalex.org/W2766067168","https://openalex.org/W2767165810","https://openalex.org/W2770586226","https://openalex.org/W2782837544","https://openalex.org/W2790668025","https://openalex.org/W2792353783","https://openalex.org/W2792504228","https://openalex.org/W2793841333","https://openalex.org/W2801878177","https://openalex.org/W2809077766","https://openalex.org/W2809767447","https://openalex.org/W2894501716","https://openalex.org/W2897510474","https://openalex.org/W2898466634","https://openalex.org/W2917388343","https://openalex.org/W4235550686","https://openalex.org/W4236439548","https://openalex.org/W6641299532","https://openalex.org/W6648070135","https://openalex.org/W6657853897","https://openalex.org/W6674314884","https://openalex.org/W6679460335","https://openalex.org/W6695367699","https://openalex.org/W6742302127","https://openalex.org/W6744657097","https://openalex.org/W6752981713","https://openalex.org/W6817320700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1823457431","https://openalex.org/W2066936882","https://openalex.org/W2553656238","https://openalex.org/W2902127828","https://openalex.org/W3160711186","https://openalex.org/W4297237151","https://openalex.org/W2051731663","https://openalex.org/W1974441098","https://openalex.org/W2077935984","https://openalex.org/W4253062683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"monitoring":[1,65,123,223,268],"of":[2,22,36,66,120,149,183,202,220,250],"breathing":[3,14,24,33,70,86,158,189,196],"activity":[4,71],"plays":[5],"a":[6,13,51,97,128,172,199,248],"major":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,72,273],"detecting":[10],"and":[11,31,60,68,79,153,156,191,207,253,276],"classifying":[12],"abnormality.":[15],"This":[16,48],"work":[17],"aims":[18],"to":[19,90,105,187,234,247,262],"facilitate":[20],"detection":[21],"abnormal":[23,69,85,195],"syndromes,":[25],"including":[26],"tachypnea,":[27],"bradypnea,":[28],"central":[29],"apnea,":[30],"irregular":[32],"by":[34,171],"tracking":[35],"thorax":[37],"movement":[38],"resulting":[39],"from":[40,259],"respiratory":[41,174],"rhythms":[42],"based":[43,225],"on":[44,110,139,226],"ultrasonic":[45,76],"radar":[46],"detection.":[47],"paper":[49],"proposes":[50],"non-contact,":[52],"non-invasive,":[53],"low":[54,56,208],"cost,":[55],"power":[57,118,251],"consumption,":[58],"portable,":[59],"precise":[61],"system":[62,99,124,164,186,224,269],"for":[63,100],"simultaneous":[64],"normal":[67],"real-time":[73],"using":[74,131],"an":[75,132],"PING":[77],"sensor":[78],"microcontroller":[80],"PIC18F452.":[81],"Moreover,":[82],"the":[83,91,107,111,117,121,157,162,181,184,193,216,221,227,238,255],"obtained":[84],"syndrome":[87],"is":[88,125],"reported":[89],"concerned":[92],"physician\u2019s":[93],"mobile":[94,101],"telephone":[95],"through":[96],"global":[98],"communication":[102],"(GSM)":[103],"modem":[104],"handle":[106],"case":[108],"depending":[109],"patient\u2019s":[112],"emergency":[113],"condition.":[114],"In":[115],"addition,":[116],"consumption":[119,219],"proposed":[122,163,185,222,267],"reduced":[126],"via":[127],"duty":[129],"cycle":[130],"energy-efficient":[133],"sleep/wake":[134,228],"scheme.":[135],"Experiments":[136],"were":[137,165],"conducted":[138],"12":[140],"participants":[141],"without":[142],"any":[143],"physical":[144],"contact":[145],"at":[146],"different":[147],"distances":[148],"0.5,":[150],"1,":[151],"2,":[152],"3":[154],"m":[155],"rates":[159],"measured":[160,170],"with":[161,168,198],"then":[166],"compared":[167,233],"those":[169],"piezo":[173],"belt":[175],"transducer.":[176],"The":[177,211,266],"experimental":[178],"results":[179,212],"illustrate":[180],"feasibility":[182],"extract":[188],"rate":[190],"detect":[192],"related":[194],"syndromes":[197],"high":[200],"degree":[201],"agreement,":[203],"strong":[204],"correlation":[205],"coefficient,":[206],"error":[209],"ratio.":[210],"also":[213],"showed":[214],"that":[215],"total":[217],"current":[218],"scheme":[229],"was":[230,241],"6.936":[231],"mA":[232,236],"321.75":[235],"when":[237],"traditional":[239],"operation":[240],"used":[242,272],"instead.":[243],"Consequently,":[244],"this":[245],"led":[246],"97.8%":[249],"savings":[252],"extended":[254],"battery":[256],"life":[257],"time":[258],"8":[260],"h":[261],"approximately":[263],"370":[264],"h.":[265],"could":[270],"be":[271],"both":[274],"clinical":[275],"home":[277],"settings.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
