{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128775184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010020","title":"A Low-Cost Smart Helmet with Accident Detection and Emergency Response for Bike Riders","display_name":"A Low-Cost Smart Helmet with Accident Detection and Emergency Response for Bike Riders","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128775184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/20/pdf?version=1770956690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/20/pdf?version=1770956690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125978670","display_name":"Muhammad Irfan Minhas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Irfan Minhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068965056","display_name":"Imran Ahmed Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-9758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imran Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069105474","display_name":"Yasir Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2285-0730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 24090, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 24090, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125914526","display_name":"Fawaz Nashmi M Alhusayni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150341","display_name":"Clifton Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ktb0281","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127133","https://openalex.org/I4210150341"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fawaz Nashmi M Alhusayni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Clifton BS8 1TH, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Clifton BS8 1TH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150341","https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068965056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59160185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"20","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.29820001125335693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.29820001125335693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12406","display_name":"IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems","score":0.271699994802475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.07580000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.5604000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.37209999561309814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.5604000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/20/pdf?version=1770956690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46cc8b6626364d10beb99dc1311c5e0e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46cc8b6626364d10beb99dc1311c5e0e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 20 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/20/pdf?version=1770956690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128775184.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128775184.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2785742525","https://openalex.org/W2791558443","https://openalex.org/W2940852604","https://openalex.org/W2945914970","https://openalex.org/W2949621650","https://openalex.org/W2997011839","https://openalex.org/W2999279443","https://openalex.org/W3096468360","https://openalex.org/W3106800385","https://openalex.org/W3114102597","https://openalex.org/W3116070316","https://openalex.org/W3134292613","https://openalex.org/W3176308079","https://openalex.org/W3185559187","https://openalex.org/W4206180385","https://openalex.org/W4309220813","https://openalex.org/W4352976574","https://openalex.org/W4366151246","https://openalex.org/W4377236600","https://openalex.org/W4398545454","https://openalex.org/W4399910267","https://openalex.org/W4400021401","https://openalex.org/W4403466872","https://openalex.org/W4405601294","https://openalex.org/W4408713870"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,104,187,216,237],"high":[1,20,29],"rate":[2,30,249],"of":[3,14,22,31,51,80,102,109,142,168,180,189,244,251,259,286,321],"bike":[4],"commuting":[5],"around":[6],"the":[7,12,19,47,52,57,60,69,100,138,190,203,209,293],"globe":[8],"has":[9],"greatly":[10],"transformed":[11],"mode":[13],"transportation":[15],"in":[16,92,151,228,234,242],"cities,":[17],"but":[18],"speeds":[21],"motorized":[23],"cycling":[24],"have":[25,68,212],"contributed":[26],"to":[27,90,94,131,153,183,201,211,300],"a":[28,76,114,145,177,213,246,254,283,302,314],"serious":[32],"road":[33],"trauma.":[34],"Although":[35],"conventional":[36],"helmets":[37],"offer":[38],"necessary":[39],"passive":[40,306],"structural":[41,268,307],"protection,":[42],"they":[43],"do":[44],"not":[45],"consider":[46],"most":[48,70],"important":[49],"aspect":[50],"emergency":[53,256],"response,":[54],"which":[55,64,118],"is":[56,75,88,106,192,296],"Golden":[58],"Hour":[59],"time":[61,178],"frame":[62],"during":[63],"medical":[65],"intervention":[66,312],"can":[67],"significant":[71],"impact.":[72],"This":[73,163],"paper":[74],"development":[77],"and":[78,97,127,159,172,195,230,253,309,316],"validation":[79],"an":[81,110,120,197,240,297],"autonomous,":[82],"low-cost":[83],"smart":[84],"helmet":[85],"architecture":[86,188],"that":[87,267,292],"programmed":[89],"operate":[91],"real-time":[93],"detect":[95],"accidents":[96],"autonomously":[98],"inform":[99],"operator":[101],"accidents.":[103],"system":[105,191,295],"built":[107],"up":[108],"ESP32":[111],"microcontroller":[112],"with":[113,225,282],"multi-modal":[115],"sensor":[116],"package,":[117],"comprises":[119],"inertial":[121,170],"measurement":[122],"unit":[123],"(IMU),":[124],"force-impact":[125],"sensors,":[126],"MQ-3":[128],"alcohol":[129],"sensors":[130],"conduct":[132],"proactive":[133],"safety":[134,284,319],"screening.":[135],"To":[136],"overcome":[137],"single":[139],"threshold":[140],"limitation":[141],"unreliable":[143],"systems,":[144],"time-windowed":[146],"sensor-fusion":[147],"algorithm":[148],"was":[149,218,265,270],"applied":[150],"order":[152],"distinguish":[154],"between":[155,305],"normal":[156],"riding":[157],"dynamics":[158],"bona":[160],"fide":[161],"collisions.":[162],"reasoning":[164],"involves":[165],"concurrent":[166],"cues":[167],"high-G":[169],"rotations":[171],"physical":[173],"impacting":[174],"features":[175],"over":[176],"window":[179],"500":[181],"ms":[182],"reduce":[184],"spurious":[185],"activations.":[186],"completely":[193],"self-sufficient":[194],"employs":[196],"in-built":[198],"GPS-GSM":[199],"module":[200],"send":[202],"geographical":[204],"location":[205],"through":[206,221],"SMS":[207],"without":[208],"need":[210],"smartphone":[214],"connection.":[215],"prototype":[217],"also":[219],"put":[220],"150":[222],"experimental":[223],"tests,":[224],"some":[226],"conducted":[227],"laboratories,":[229],"real-world":[231],"running":[232],"tests":[233],"diverse":[235],"terrains.":[236],"findings":[238],"reveal":[239],"accuracy":[241],"detection":[243],"93.7,":[245],"false":[247],"positive":[248],"(FPR)":[250],"2.6":[252],"mean":[255,291],"alert":[257],"latency":[258],"2.8":[260],"s.":[261],"In":[262],"addition,":[263],"it":[264],"found":[266],"integrity":[269],"confirmed":[271],"at":[272],"ECE":[273],"22.05":[274],"impact":[275],"conditions":[276],"using":[277],"Finite":[278],"Element":[279],"Analysis":[280],"(FEA),":[281],"factor":[285],"1.38.":[287],"These":[288],"quantitative":[289],"results":[290],"proposed":[294],"effective":[298],"way":[299],"address":[301],"cultural":[303],"shift":[304],"protection":[308],"active":[310],"rescue":[311],"as":[313],"statistical":[315],"computationally":[317],"efficient":[318],"measure":[320],"modern":[322],"micro-mobility.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}
