{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125694550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010013","title":"AI Correction of Smartphone Thermal Images: Application to Diabetic Plantar Foot","display_name":"AI Correction of Smartphone Thermal Images: Application to Diabetic Plantar Foot","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125694550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/13/pdf?version=1769414964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/13/pdf?version=1769414964","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114754790","display_name":"Hafid Elfahimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088687","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn Zohr","ror":"https://ror.org/006sgpv47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hafid Elfahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRF-SIC Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRF-SIC Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085179198","display_name":"Rachid Harba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12449238","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 d'Orl\u00e9ans","ror":"https://ror.org/014zrew76","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12449238"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Harba","raw_affiliation_strings":["PRISME Laboratory, Orl\u00e9ans University, 45072 Orl\u00e9ans, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PRISME Laboratory, Orl\u00e9ans University, 45072 Orl\u00e9ans, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12449238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094004305","display_name":"Asma Aferhane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088687","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn Zohr","ror":"https://ror.org/006sgpv47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Aferhane","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRF-SIC Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRF-SIC Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107600453","display_name":"Hassan Douzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088687","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn Zohr","ror":"https://ror.org/006sgpv47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Douzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRF-SIC Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRF-SIC Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062014620","display_name":"Ikram Damoune","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088687","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn Zohr","ror":"https://ror.org/006sgpv47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikram Damoune","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085179198","https://openalex.org/A5114754790"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12449238","https://openalex.org/I4210088687"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":42.9514,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99029035,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"13","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.760200023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.760200023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.1655000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.7620999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foot","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot","display_name":"Diabetic foot","score":0.5601000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.38040000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.7620999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5792999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115076146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651051","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","level":2,"score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52856","display_name":"Diabetic foot","level":3,"score":0.5601000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019079563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67173088","display_name":"Skin temperature","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150217764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803607","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","level":3,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992252211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4368164","display_name":"Foot pressure","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777487392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q481201","display_name":"Absolute (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989316616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027402","display_name":"Lower limb","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/13/pdf?version=1769414964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:18456dfb2d944897bb8a16b1037c0dc3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/18456dfb2d944897bb8a16b1037c0dc3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010013","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/15/1/13/pdf?version=1769414964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125694550.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125694550.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1963973091","https://openalex.org/W2054273130","https://openalex.org/W2095280686","https://openalex.org/W2102811505","https://openalex.org/W2104905662","https://openalex.org/W2108229254","https://openalex.org/W2113706423","https://openalex.org/W2165560933","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2286604498","https://openalex.org/W2317636549","https://openalex.org/W2570354843","https://openalex.org/W2587989515","https://openalex.org/W2746870303","https://openalex.org/W2762001532","https://openalex.org/W2774839435","https://openalex.org/W2793872305","https://openalex.org/W2809208303","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2889526011","https://openalex.org/W2892660705","https://openalex.org/W2913009669","https://openalex.org/W2921747104","https://openalex.org/W2950541532","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2966720579","https://openalex.org/W2970232544","https://openalex.org/W2980977945","https://openalex.org/W2985252154","https://openalex.org/W2986526415","https://openalex.org/W3000721138","https://openalex.org/W3041110196","https://openalex.org/W3096947210","https://openalex.org/W3112977062","https://openalex.org/W3125422625","https://openalex.org/W3127731213","https://openalex.org/W4220968941","https://openalex.org/W4281865161","https://openalex.org/W4282821644","https://openalex.org/W4323430079","https://openalex.org/W4382918816","https://openalex.org/W4401725766","https://openalex.org/W4404628321"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prevention":[0],"of":[1,104,134,151,181,191],"complications":[2],"related":[3],"to":[4,50,92,142,187],"diabetic":[5],"foot":[6],"(DF)":[7],"can":[8],"now":[9],"be":[10],"performed":[11],"using":[12],"smartphone-connected":[13,182],"thermal":[14,183],"cameras.":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[17,101,113,122,132,149,152,179,188],"absolute":[18,143,169],"error":[19],"associated":[20],"with":[21,74],"these":[22],"devices":[23,184],"remains":[24],"particularly":[25],"high,":[26],"compromising":[27],"measurement":[28],"reliability,":[29],"especially":[30],"under":[31],"variable":[32],"environmental":[33],"conditions.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"this,":[37],"we":[38,56,120],"introduce":[39],"a":[40,58,68,126],"physiologically":[41],"motivated":[42],"two-region":[43],"segmentation":[44],"task":[45],"(forehead":[46],"+":[47],"plantar":[48],"foot)":[49],"enable":[51],"stable":[52],"temperature":[53],"correction.":[54],"First,":[55],"developed":[57],"fully":[59],"automated":[60],"joint":[61],"method":[62],"for":[63],"this":[64],"task,":[65],"building":[66],"upon":[67],"new":[69],"multimodal":[70],"thermal\u2013RGB":[71],"dataset":[72],"constructed":[73],"detailed":[75],"annotation":[76],"procedures.":[77],"Five":[78],"deep":[79],"learning":[80],"methods":[81],"(U-Net,":[82],"U-Net++,":[83],"SegNet,":[84],"DE-ResUnet,":[85],"and":[86,90,97,185],"DE-ResUnet++)":[87],"were":[88],"evaluated":[89],"compared":[91,141],"traditional":[93],"baselines":[94],"(Adaptive":[95],"Thresholding":[96],"Region":[98],"Growing),":[99],"demonstrating":[100],"clear":[102],"advantage":[103],"data-driven":[105],"approaches.":[106],"The":[107],"best":[108],"performance":[109,180],"was":[110,137],"achieved":[111],"by":[112,139],"DE-ResUnet++":[114],"architecture":[115],"(Dice":[116],"score:":[117],"98.46%).":[118],"Second,":[119],"validated":[121],"correction":[123,153],"approach":[124,176],"through":[125],"clinical":[127],"study.":[128],"Results":[129],"showed":[130],"that":[131,174],"variance":[133],"corrected":[135,156],"temperatures":[136,157],"reduced":[138],"half":[140],"values":[144],"(p":[145,165],"<":[146,166],"0.01),":[147,167],"highlighting":[148],"effectiveness":[150],"approach.":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"successfully":[158],"distinguished":[159],"DF":[160,192],"patients":[161],"from":[162],"healthy":[163],"controls":[164],"unlike":[168],"temperatures.":[170],"These":[171],"findings":[172],"suggest":[173],"our":[175],"could":[177],"enhance":[178],"contribute":[186],"early":[189],"prevention":[190],"complications.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T06:11:40.159057","created_date":"2026-01-27T00:00:00"}