{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117481449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010004","title":"The Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse Attacks on USB Camera Performance","display_name":"The Effect of Electromagnetic Pulse Attacks on USB Camera Performance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117481449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010004"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010004","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121443101","display_name":"Gang Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9474-2634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121467900","display_name":"Lei Shu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128140","display_name":"Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/030ffke25","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128140"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China","School of Computer Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-9347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128140"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1597-0993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1597-0993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-1030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184681353","display_name":"Anhui University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q9atg80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109416","display_name":"Anhui Science and Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pn91c28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109416"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-1030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184681353","https://openalex.org/I4210109416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751341","display_name":"Ru Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5128-1314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ru Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5128-1314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079234224","display_name":"Gen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6300-3570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kailiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Smart Agriculture (College of Artificial Intelligence), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121458217","display_name":"Kai Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087107","display_name":"Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001f9e125","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087107"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210031, China","Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-6969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087107"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210031, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121467900"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577","https://openalex.org/I4210128140"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.2699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88763555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.6065000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.6065000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.1657000035047531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usb","display_name":"USB","score":0.8677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-shielding","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-pulse","display_name":"Electromagnetic pulse","score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.3993000090122223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507366226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42378","display_name":"USB","level":3,"score":0.8677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14589660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64122","display_name":"Electromagnetic pulse","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51707140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q518280","display_name":"Serial communication","level":2,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125470083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747288","display_name":"Electromagnetic compatibility","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4606201515a74ffd95c7a8229cb84f4a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4606201515a74ffd95c7a8229cb84f4a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 4 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan15010004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan15010004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7247784657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023rcyj2012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310901","funder_display_name":"Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310901","display_name":"Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/030ffke25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155883880","https://openalex.org/W2468595924","https://openalex.org/W2589106234","https://openalex.org/W2591343321","https://openalex.org/W2593800047","https://openalex.org/W2766764374","https://openalex.org/W2901713191","https://openalex.org/W2921092116","https://openalex.org/W2973438444","https://openalex.org/W3004795625","https://openalex.org/W3008347241","https://openalex.org/W3014892501","https://openalex.org/W3035447895","https://openalex.org/W3120725922","https://openalex.org/W3165941551","https://openalex.org/W3174032462","https://openalex.org/W3200181601","https://openalex.org/W3210339471","https://openalex.org/W4200257387","https://openalex.org/W4210545770","https://openalex.org/W4211065794","https://openalex.org/W4229450444","https://openalex.org/W4285513035","https://openalex.org/W4302023500","https://openalex.org/W4327521015","https://openalex.org/W4365787961","https://openalex.org/W4366201421","https://openalex.org/W4377943556","https://openalex.org/W4379207975","https://openalex.org/W4385603076","https://openalex.org/W4387247611","https://openalex.org/W4388248914","https://openalex.org/W4389761930","https://openalex.org/W4400111384","https://openalex.org/W4400772240","https://openalex.org/W4401415324","https://openalex.org/W4404628828","https://openalex.org/W4408235523","https://openalex.org/W4408812999","https://openalex.org/W4409921314","https://openalex.org/W4412828461"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112,144],"camera":[1,45,139,224],"is":[2,189],"a":[3,48,63,95,107],"core":[4],"device":[5],"for":[6,199],"modern":[7],"surveillance":[8],"and":[9,20,55,106,134,140,181,220],"data":[10,179],"collection,":[11],"widely":[12],"used":[13],"in":[14,213,227],"various":[15,52,118],"fields":[16],"including":[17],"security,":[18,180],"transportation,":[19],"healthcare.":[21],"However,":[22],"their":[23,56,168,202],"widespread":[24],"deployment":[25],"has":[26],"proportionally":[27],"escalated":[28],"associated":[29],"security":[30,57,219],"risks.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"initially":[34],"examines":[35],"the":[36,84,88,115,124,131,135,138,141,193,209,218],"current":[37],"state":[38],"of":[39,51,114,126,176,196,222],"research":[40],"on":[41,62,130,185],"attack":[42,53,65],"methods":[43],"targeting":[44],"systems,":[46],"providing":[47],"comprehensive":[49],"review":[50],"techniques":[54],"implications.":[58],"Subsequently,":[59],"we":[60],"focus":[61],"specific":[64,228],"method":[66],"against":[67],"universal":[68],"serial":[69],"bus":[70],"(USB)":[71],"cameras,":[72],"known":[73],"as":[74],"electromagnetic":[75],"pulse":[76],"(EMP)":[77],"attacks,":[78],"which":[79],"utilize":[80],"EMP":[81,92,101,110,154,157,206],"to":[82,153,173,191],"prevent":[83],"system":[85,177,182],"from":[86,205],"detecting":[87],"cameras.":[89],"We":[90],"simulated":[91],"attacks":[93,158],"using":[94],"solar":[96],"insecticidal":[97],"lamp":[98],"(which":[99],"generates":[100],"by":[102,122],"releasing":[103],"high-voltage":[104],"pulses)":[105],"commercially":[108],"available":[109],"generator.":[111],"performance":[113],"cameras":[116,150,200],"under":[117],"conditions":[119],"was":[120],"evaluated":[121],"adjusting":[123],"number":[125,195],"filtering":[127],"magnetic":[128],"rings":[129,198],"USB":[132,149,223],"cable":[133],"distance":[136,204],"between":[137],"interference":[142],"source.":[143],"results":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"that":[147],"some":[148],"are":[151],"vulnerable":[152],"attacks.":[155],"Although":[156],"might":[159],"not":[160],"invariably":[161],"cause":[162],"image":[163],"distortion":[164],"or":[165,201],"permanent":[166],"damage,":[167],"covert":[169],"nature":[170],"can":[171],"lead":[172],"false":[174],"detection":[175],"failures,":[178],"maintenance.":[183],"Based":[184],"these":[186],"findings,":[187],"it":[188],"recommended":[190],"determine":[192],"optimal":[194],"shielding":[197],"safe":[203],"sources":[207],"through":[208],"experimental":[210],"approach":[211],"outlined":[212],"this":[214],"study,":[215],"thereby":[216],"enhancing":[217],"resilience":[221],"enabled":[225],"systems":[226],"scenarios.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"}