{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407190633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14010017","title":"Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Evolving Challenge of Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Analysis","display_name":"Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Evolving Challenge of Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407190633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14010017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan14010017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14010017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/14/1/17/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/14/1/17/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013076694","display_name":"Reza Babaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-7719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Babaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-7719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017174019","display_name":"Samuel Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-1137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088430016","display_name":"Rui Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6280-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75421653","display_name":"University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City","ror":"https://ror.org/01w0d5g70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75421653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057883383","display_name":"Shangqing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8543-2977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangqing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017174019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":22.997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99717026,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8117878437042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7118899822235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pace","display_name":"Pace","score":0.5484021306037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5430365204811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5250504016876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4436373710632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3317674398422241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8117878437042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7118899822235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691543","display_name":"Pace","level":2,"score":0.5484021306037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5430365204811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5250504016876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4436373710632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3317674398422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan14010017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14010017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/14/1/17/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:935bb0e181f645aebd778436f3815051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/935bb0e181f645aebd778436f3815051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 17 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan14010017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14010017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/14/1/17/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310179","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333795","display_name":"Stephenson Cancer Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407190633.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407190633.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":149,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083192529","https://openalex.org/W2142194269","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2558151185","https://openalex.org/W2608058963","https://openalex.org/W2738406145","https://openalex.org/W2884460600","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2898712164","https://openalex.org/W2902166766","https://openalex.org/W2902543210","https://openalex.org/W2909336075","https://openalex.org/W2911424785","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2914447220","https://openalex.org/W2920929600","https://openalex.org/W2921230249","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963626105","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2963791174","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W2966880194","https://openalex.org/W2989861661","https://openalex.org/W2990375436","https://openalex.org/W2997517962","https://openalex.org/W2997532515","https://openalex.org/W2998605827","https://openalex.org/W3007419529","https://openalex.org/W3017439646","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034214108","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034900344","https://openalex.org/W3035063907","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3036198682","https://openalex.org/W3036426855","https://openalex.org/W3036644531","https://openalex.org/W3036806226","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3040168631","https://openalex.org/W3083246145","https://openalex.org/W3092879151","https://openalex.org/W3092997524","https://openalex.org/W3093010840","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3096661774","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3108854358","https://openalex.org/W3118479706","https://openalex.org/W3120504414","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3135485589","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3152384838","https://openalex.org/W3173850174","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3174572554","https://openalex.org/W3174656926","https://openalex.org/W3175342695","https://openalex.org/W3175779516","https://openalex.org/W3178572954","https://openalex.org/W3178708968","https://openalex.org/W3183392865","https://openalex.org/W3186090335","https://openalex.org/W3186436325","https://openalex.org/W3189021665","https://openalex.org/W3189760401","https://openalex.org/W3195059668","https://openalex.org/W3196204467","https://openalex.org/W3197783777","https://openalex.org/W3209972423","https://openalex.org/W3215142411","https://openalex.org/W4200174933","https://openalex.org/W4205695807","https://openalex.org/W4206363386","https://openalex.org/W4210623456","https://openalex.org/W4211008685","https://openalex.org/W4213449918","https://openalex.org/W4214876496","https://openalex.org/W4221045030","https://openalex.org/W4283164272","https://openalex.org/W4285240680","https://openalex.org/W4288102863","https://openalex.org/W4297632190","https://openalex.org/W4310183460","https://openalex.org/W4312914048","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4315865725","https://openalex.org/W4316924313","https://openalex.org/W4321381151","https://openalex.org/W4327810912","https://openalex.org/W4361003656","https://openalex.org/W4362574774","https://openalex.org/W4367353906","https://openalex.org/W4372260334","https://openalex.org/W4379391199","https://openalex.org/W4381612707","https://openalex.org/W4381619755","https://openalex.org/W4384202839","https://openalex.org/W4385071300","https://openalex.org/W4385483513","https://openalex.org/W4385576054","https://openalex.org/W4385656076","https://openalex.org/W4385807439","https://openalex.org/W4386211207","https://openalex.org/W4386889783","https://openalex.org/W4386998312","https://openalex.org/W4387140156","https://openalex.org/W4387639331","https://openalex.org/W4387874311","https://openalex.org/W4387976617","https://openalex.org/W4388230638","https://openalex.org/W4388820663","https://openalex.org/W4388851105","https://openalex.org/W4389481246","https://openalex.org/W4389742134","https://openalex.org/W4391404116","https://openalex.org/W4392774535","https://openalex.org/W4392943319","https://openalex.org/W4393166187","https://openalex.org/W4393406814","https://openalex.org/W4395010355","https://openalex.org/W4396542715","https://openalex.org/W4396869464","https://openalex.org/W4398769251","https://openalex.org/W4399138486","https://openalex.org/W4399427602","https://openalex.org/W4400226063","https://openalex.org/W4400678935","https://openalex.org/W4401932024","https://openalex.org/W4402774452","https://openalex.org/W4404195418","https://openalex.org/W4405272334","https://openalex.org/W6661117324","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6764542186","https://openalex.org/W6767264202","https://openalex.org/W6798035511","https://openalex.org/W6843263049","https://openalex.org/W6854731626","https://openalex.org/W6872194319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W2894289927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deepfake":[0],"technology,":[1,92],"which":[2],"employs":[3],"advanced":[4],"generative":[5,43],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7],"to":[8,38,99,118],"create":[9],"hyper-realistic":[10],"synthetic":[11],"media,":[12],"poses":[13],"significant":[14],"challenges":[15],"across":[16],"various":[17,57],"sectors,":[18],"including":[19,60],"security,":[20],"entertainment,":[21],"and":[22,46,54,65,75,87,105,122],"education.":[23],"This":[24],"literature":[25],"review":[26,110],"explores":[27],"the":[28,52,70,84,94,112,126],"evolution":[29],"of":[30,56,73,111,128],"deepfake":[31,91,141],"generation":[32],"methods,":[33],"ranging":[34],"from":[35],"traditional":[36],"techniques":[37],"state-of-the-art":[39],"models":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"adversarial":[44],"networks":[45],"diffusion":[47],"models.":[48],"We":[49],"navigate":[50],"through":[51],"effectiveness":[53],"limitations":[55],"detection":[58,79,131],"approaches,":[59],"machine":[61],"learning,":[62],"forensic":[63],"analysis,":[64],"hybrid":[66],"techniques,":[67],"while":[68],"highlighting":[69],"critical":[71],"importance":[72],"interpretability":[74],"real-time":[76],"performance":[77],"in":[78,140],"systems.":[80],"Furthermore,":[81],"we":[82],"discuss":[83],"ethical":[85],"implications":[86],"regulatory":[88],"considerations":[89],"surrounding":[90],"emphasizing":[93],"need":[95],"for":[96,125],"comprehensive":[97],"frameworks":[98],"mitigate":[100],"risks":[101],"associated":[102],"with":[103,137],"misinformation":[104],"manipulation.":[106],"Through":[107],"a":[108],"systematic":[109],"existing":[113],"literature,":[114],"our":[115],"aim":[116],"is":[117],"identify":[119],"research":[120],"gaps":[121],"future":[123],"directions":[124],"development":[127],"robust,":[129],"adaptable":[130],"systems":[132],"that":[133],"can":[134],"keep":[135],"pace":[136],"rapid":[138],"advancements":[139],"generation.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
