{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405257735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13060085","title":"Multi-Class Classification of Human Activity and Gait Events Using Heterogeneous Sensors","display_name":"Multi-Class Classification of Human Activity and Gait Events Using Heterogeneous Sensors","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405257735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13060085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan13060085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13060085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/6/85/pdf?version=1733858503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/6/85/pdf?version=1733858503","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089163266","display_name":"Tasmiyah Javed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasmiyah Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","Human-Centered Robotics Lab of NCRA, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Centered Robotics Lab of NCRA, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633837","display_name":"Ali Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4358-7468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","Human-Centered Robotics Lab of NCRA, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Centered Robotics Lab of NCRA, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056185082","display_name":"Hafiz Farhan Maqbool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-4984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Farhan Maqbool","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","Human-Centered Robotics Lab of NCRA, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796","https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Centered Robotics Lab of NCRA, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045808218","display_name":"Saqib Zafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-6438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138938424","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Tuscia","ror":"https://ror.org/03svwq685","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138938424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]}],"countries":["IT","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Zafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy","Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138938424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796","https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064627329","display_name":"Juri Taborri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138938424","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Tuscia","ror":"https://ror.org/03svwq685","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138938424"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juri Taborri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138938424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000870915","display_name":"Stefano Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-7013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138938424","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Tuscia","ror":"https://ror.org/03svwq685","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138938424"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138938424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000870915","https://openalex.org/A5100633837"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138938424","https://openalex.org/I142732210"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.7246,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68630176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"85","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.9208909869194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7702019214630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6844543814659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6244053244590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.5495914816856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5417670607566833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5220577716827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44961705803871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37749922275543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.117786705493927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.9208909869194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7702019214630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6844543814659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6244053244590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.5495914816856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5417670607566833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5220577716827393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44961705803871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37749922275543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.117786705493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan13060085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13060085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/6/85/pdf?version=1733858503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4af927cd482d491f88a3f557d73dc605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4af927cd482d491f88a3f557d73dc605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 85 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan13060085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13060085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/6/85/pdf?version=1733858503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6382343445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Funding","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326275","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326275","display_name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405257735.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405257735.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1613273921","https://openalex.org/W1953762146","https://openalex.org/W1993761347","https://openalex.org/W2009766388","https://openalex.org/W2014601643","https://openalex.org/W2015024657","https://openalex.org/W2051812123","https://openalex.org/W2054780155","https://openalex.org/W2066200210","https://openalex.org/W2073445672","https://openalex.org/W2090283616","https://openalex.org/W2096514143","https://openalex.org/W2096846113","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2114868488","https://openalex.org/W2123651322","https://openalex.org/W2125818553","https://openalex.org/W2127095067","https://openalex.org/W2142114107","https://openalex.org/W2151385582","https://openalex.org/W2169976759","https://openalex.org/W2195342085","https://openalex.org/W2311161367","https://openalex.org/W2404918986","https://openalex.org/W2512949072","https://openalex.org/W2518746517","https://openalex.org/W2559852960","https://openalex.org/W2586131832","https://openalex.org/W2587279613","https://openalex.org/W2594116048","https://openalex.org/W2759690896","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2783538964","https://openalex.org/W2788095000","https://openalex.org/W2790953952","https://openalex.org/W2793988235","https://openalex.org/W2794717185","https://openalex.org/W2802039875","https://openalex.org/W2803675191","https://openalex.org/W2890133123","https://openalex.org/W2895495973","https://openalex.org/W2922828498","https://openalex.org/W2943964432","https://openalex.org/W2943964448","https://openalex.org/W2966450377","https://openalex.org/W2973917137","https://openalex.org/W3007156934","https://openalex.org/W3017181332","https://openalex.org/W3027643484","https://openalex.org/W3032981784","https://openalex.org/W3033847194","https://openalex.org/W3105220378","https://openalex.org/W3138986930","https://openalex.org/W3195795483","https://openalex.org/W3198221794","https://openalex.org/W4200340392","https://openalex.org/W4205249885","https://openalex.org/W4207051106","https://openalex.org/W4233706204","https://openalex.org/W4285248638","https://openalex.org/W4286681770","https://openalex.org/W4290610811","https://openalex.org/W4294732842","https://openalex.org/W4379053064","https://openalex.org/W4390615083","https://openalex.org/W4402323106","https://openalex.org/W4402509029","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6748835104","https://openalex.org/W6800492434","https://openalex.org/W6839064845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390421286","https://openalex.org/W4280563792","https://openalex.org/W2140186469","https://openalex.org/W4389724018","https://openalex.org/W4318719684","https://openalex.org/W2775233965","https://openalex.org/W4318559728","https://openalex.org/W4360995913","https://openalex.org/W4312193868","https://openalex.org/W4308165509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,74],"control":[1],"of":[2,11,18,35,100,120,129,161],"active":[3],"prostheses":[4],"and":[5,15,30,61,88,123,149,163,168,184],"orthoses":[6],"requires":[7],"the":[8,16,71,78,97,127],"precise":[9],"classification":[10,26],"instantaneous":[12],"human":[13,59,166],"activity":[14,60,148,167],"detection":[17],"specific":[19,64],"events":[20,170],"within":[21,131],"each":[22],"activity.":[23],"Furthermore,":[24],"such":[25],"helps":[27],"physiotherapists,":[28],"orthopedists,":[29],"neurologists":[31],"in":[32,179],"kinetic/kinematic":[33],"analyses":[34],"patients\u2019":[36],"gaits.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"this":[40],"need,":[41],"we":[42],"propose":[43],"an":[44,117],"innovative":[45],"deep":[46],"neural":[47],"network":[48],"(DNN)-based":[49],"approach":[50],"with":[51,83],"a":[52,84,104],"two-step":[53,108],"hyperparameter":[54],"optimization":[55],"scheme":[56,156],"for":[57,65,116,146,165],"classifying":[58],"gait":[62,150,169],"events,":[63],"different":[66],"motor":[67],"activities,":[68],"by":[69,92],"using":[70,134],"ENABL3S":[72],"dataset.":[73],"proposed":[75,155],"architecture":[76],"sets":[77],"baseline":[79],"accuracy":[80,159],"to":[81,176],"93%":[82],"single":[85],"hidden":[86,121],"layer":[87],"offers":[89],"further":[90],"improvement":[91],"adding":[93],"more":[94],"layers;":[95],"however,":[96],"corresponding":[98],"number":[99,119,128],"input":[101],"neurons":[102,130],"remains":[103],"crucial":[105],"hyperparameter.":[106],"Our":[107],"hyperparameter-tuning":[109],"strategy":[110],"is":[111],"employed":[112],"which":[113],"first":[114],"searches":[115],"appropriate":[118],"layers":[122,133],"then":[124],"carefully":[125],"modulates":[126],"these":[132],"10-fold":[135],"cross-validation.":[136],"This":[137],"multi-class":[138],"classifier":[139],"significantly":[140],"outperforms":[141],"prior":[142],"machine":[143],"learning":[144],"algorithms":[145],"both":[147],"event":[151],"recognition.":[152],"Notably,":[153],"our":[154],"achieves":[157],"impressive":[158],"rates":[160],"98.1%":[162],"99.96%":[164],"per":[171],"activity,":[172],"respectively,":[173],"potentially":[174],"leading":[175],"significant":[177],"advancements":[178],"prosthetic/orthotic":[180],"controls,":[181],"patient":[182],"care,":[183],"rehabilitation":[185],"programs\u2019":[186],"definition.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
