{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396495218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030030","title":"A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Grant-Free Random Access Protocol for mMTC Massive MIMO Networks","display_name":"A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Grant-Free Random Access Protocol for mMTC Massive MIMO Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396495218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan13030030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/3/30/pdf?version=1714460310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/3/30/pdf?version=1714460310","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095942221","display_name":"Felipe Augusto Dutra Bueno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-9898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe Augusto Dutra Bueno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-9898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056135301","display_name":"Alessandro Goedtel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-6664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Goedtel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Av. Alberto Carazzai, 1640, Cornelio Procopio 86300 000, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-6664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Av. Alberto Carazzai, 1640, Cornelio Procopio 86300 000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026516878","display_name":"Taufik Abr\u00e3o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-2805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127110123","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Londrina","ror":"https://ror.org/01585b035","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taufik Abr\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid-PR445, Londrina 86057 970, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid-PR445, Londrina 86057 970, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127110123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062518020","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos Marinello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-8220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos Marinello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Av. Alberto Carazzai, 1640, Cornelio Procopio 86300 000, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-8220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Av. Alberto Carazzai, 1640, Cornelio Procopio 86300 000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062518020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.2529,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44367658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"30","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8616845607757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7622627019882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.7262718677520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6668157577514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6351181268692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6194393634796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5765039920806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5317862033843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5265360474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.43900877237319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-protocol","display_name":"Communications protocol","score":0.4305843114852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3902486562728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2925966680049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2082248330116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1485736072063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1431589424610138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8616845607757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7622627019882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.7262718677520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6668157577514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6351181268692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6194393634796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5765039920806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5317862033843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5265360474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.43900877237319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.4305843114852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3902486562728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2925966680049896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2082248330116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1485736072063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1431589424610138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan13030030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/3/30/pdf?version=1714460310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62e3d99ec28a4a9280a5efddb5bd7adc","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62e3d99ec28a4a9280a5efddb5bd7adc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 30 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan13030030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan13030030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/13/3/30/pdf?version=1714460310","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1059348180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"310681/2019-7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2053037505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"314618/2023-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5298446293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88881.883505/2023-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396495218.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127820195","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2164902512","https://openalex.org/W2202997502","https://openalex.org/W2238937638","https://openalex.org/W2338465892","https://openalex.org/W2751030495","https://openalex.org/W2887019724","https://openalex.org/W2911232490","https://openalex.org/W2912386116","https://openalex.org/W2947826608","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W2995284385","https://openalex.org/W3016251777","https://openalex.org/W3081406825","https://openalex.org/W3085081926","https://openalex.org/W3089248281","https://openalex.org/W3100505697","https://openalex.org/W3180641418","https://openalex.org/W3198966439","https://openalex.org/W3200502832","https://openalex.org/W3210842508","https://openalex.org/W4212943924","https://openalex.org/W4226396602","https://openalex.org/W4290994988","https://openalex.org/W4309756913","https://openalex.org/W4377224517","https://openalex.org/W4381480175","https://openalex.org/W4389633638","https://openalex.org/W4390494376","https://openalex.org/W4392908077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288568340","https://openalex.org/W3205411230","https://openalex.org/W4286899009","https://openalex.org/W9168048","https://openalex.org/W4300849822","https://openalex.org/W4376480820","https://openalex.org/W3155891479","https://openalex.org/W2543813329","https://openalex.org/W3029351463","https://openalex.org/W2956163206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86],"expected":[1],"huge":[2],"number":[3,142],"of":[4,9,24,51,99,107,139,143,153,159],"connected":[5],"devices":[6,55,78,91,136],"in":[7,79,92,111,128,157],"Internet":[8],"Things":[10],"(IoT)":[11],"applications":[12],"characterizes":[13],"the":[14,48,81,90,96,100,105,108,126,135,150,154],"massive":[15],"machine-type":[16],"communication":[17],"(mMTC)":[18],"scenario,":[19],"one":[20],"prominent":[21],"use":[22],"case":[23],"beyond":[25],"fifth-generation":[26],"(B5G)":[27],"systems.":[28],"To":[29,103],"meet":[30],"mMTC":[31],"connectivity":[32],"requirements,":[33],"grant-free":[34],"(GF)":[35],"random":[36],"access":[37],"(RA)":[38],"protocols":[39],"are":[40,132],"seen":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43,63,69,112,140],"promising":[44],"solution":[45],"due":[46],"to":[47,75,119],"small":[49],"amount":[50],"data":[52],"that":[53],"MTC":[54],"usually":[56],"transmit.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"GF":[64],"RA":[65,84],"protocol":[66],"based":[67],"on":[68],"multi-agent":[70],"reinforcement":[71],"learning":[72],"approach,":[73],"applied":[74],"aid":[76],"IoT":[77],"selecting":[80],"least":[82],"congested":[83],"pilots.":[85],"rewards":[87,127],"obtained":[88],"by":[89,134],"collision":[93],"cases":[94],"resemble":[95],"congestion":[97],"level":[98],"chosen":[101],"pilot.":[102],"enable":[104],"operation":[106],"proposed":[109,130,155],"method":[110,131,156],"realistic":[113],"B5G":[114],"network":[115,161],"scenario":[116],"and":[117,123,163],"aiming":[118],"reduce":[120],"signaling":[121],"overheads":[122],"centralized":[124],"processing,":[125],"our":[129],"computed":[133],"taking":[137],"advantage":[138],"large":[141],"base":[144],"station":[145],"antennas.":[146],"Numerical":[147],"results":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"superior":[151],"performance":[152],"terms":[158],"latency,":[160],"throughput,":[162],"per-device":[164],"throughput":[165],"compared":[166],"with":[167],"other":[168],"protocols.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
