{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200404057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040070","title":"A Spreading Factor Congestion Status-Aware Adaptive Data Rate Algorithm","display_name":"A Spreading Factor Congestion Status-Aware Adaptive Data Rate Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200404057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan10040070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/10/4/70/pdf?version=1638525183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/10/4/70/pdf?version=1638525183","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056007211","display_name":"Charles Lehong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Lehong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041204057","display_name":"Bassey Isong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3915-4627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bassey Isong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3915-4627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038995234","display_name":"Francis Lugayizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5666-4805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27765905","display_name":"North-West University","ror":"https://ror.org/010f1sq29","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis Lugayizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, North-West University, Mafikeng 2745, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045534879","display_name":"Adnan M. Abu\u2010Mahfouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21360634","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Abu-Mahfouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-3924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21360634"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041204057","https://openalex.org/A5056007211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27765905"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.1607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46179414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"70","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8628149032592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.7482380270957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5446909666061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-gateway","display_name":"Default gateway","score":0.5040508508682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-congestion","display_name":"Network congestion","score":0.4794691801071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lpwan","display_name":"LPWAN","score":0.45724204182624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24821925163269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wide-area-network","display_name":"Wide area network","score":0.1588132381439209}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8628149032592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.7482380270957947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5446909666061401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.5040508508682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.4794691801071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20706829","display_name":"LPWAN","level":3,"score":0.45724204182624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24821925163269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776238582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11384","display_name":"Wide area network","level":2,"score":0.1588132381439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan10040070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/10/4/70/pdf?version=1638525183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f7de0611daf45a0a1487cdde8257694","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f7de0611daf45a0a1487cdde8257694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, Vol 10, Iss 4, p 70 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2224-2708/10/4/70/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks; Volume 10; Issue 4; Pages: 70","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan10040070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan10040070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2224-2708/10/4/70/pdf?version=1638525183","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736633529","display_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","issn_l":"2224-2708","issn":["2224-2708"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200404057.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2525332113","https://openalex.org/W2616905512","https://openalex.org/W2754549675","https://openalex.org/W2771027669","https://openalex.org/W2804412990","https://openalex.org/W2889452608","https://openalex.org/W2963049675","https://openalex.org/W3107540327","https://openalex.org/W3127404549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902299988","https://openalex.org/W4385269846","https://openalex.org/W4285279042","https://openalex.org/W2990354069","https://openalex.org/W3172118396","https://openalex.org/W2896332706","https://openalex.org/W2761151461","https://openalex.org/W4389776579","https://openalex.org/W3198364942","https://openalex.org/W2952763095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LoRaWAN":[0,107],"has":[1],"established":[2],"itself":[3,20],"as":[4,67,148,194],"one":[5],"of":[6,15,51,93,110,166,171,189,220,237],"the":[7,13,18,28,49,52,71,76,100,103,119,134,149,158,162,167,177,184,195,208,212,225],"leading":[8],"MAC":[9],"layer":[10],"protocols":[11],"in":[12,57,108,122,169,187,218],"field":[14],"LPWAN.":[16],"Although":[17],"technology":[19],"is":[21,34,180,229],"quite":[22,36],"mature,":[23],"its":[24,40,89],"resource":[25],"allocation":[26],"mechanism,":[27],"Adaptive":[29],"Data":[30],"Rate":[31],"(ADR)":[32],"algorithm":[33,54,104,160,179,196,205],"still":[35,42],"new,":[37],"unspecified":[38],"and":[39,62,87,112,174,211,214,222],"functionalities":[41],"limited.":[43],"Various":[44],"studies":[45,61],"have":[46,64],"shown":[47],"that":[48,92,127,157],"performance":[50,90,101],"ADR":[53,85,168,186,213],"gradually":[55],"suffers":[56],"dense":[58],"networks.":[59],"Recent":[60],"proposals":[63],"been":[65],"made":[66],"attempts":[68],"to":[69,98,106,117,133,200],"improve":[70,201],"algorithm.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"paper,":[75],"authors":[77],"proposed":[78,159,178,204],"a":[79,123,230],"spreading":[80],"factor":[81],"congestion":[82],"status":[83],"aware":[84],"version":[86],"compared":[88],"against":[91],"four":[94],"other":[95],"related":[96],"algorithms":[97,210],"study":[99],"improvements":[102],"brings":[105],"terms":[109,170,188,219],"DER":[111,147,173,221],"EC.":[113,175,190],"LoRaSim":[114],"was":[115,192,197],"used":[116],"evaluate":[118],"algorithms\u2019":[120],"performances":[121,139],"simple":[124],"sensing":[125],"application":[126],"involved":[128],"end":[129],"devices":[130],"transmitting":[131],"data":[132],"gateway":[135],"every":[136],"hour.":[137],"The":[138,153,203],"were":[140],"measured":[141],"based":[142],"on":[143,207],"how":[144],"they":[145],"affected":[146],"network":[150],"size":[151],"increases.":[152],"results":[154],"obtained":[155],"show":[156],"outperforms":[161],"currently":[163],"existing":[164,209],"implementations":[165],"both":[172],"However,":[176],"slightly":[181],"outperformed":[182],"by":[183],"native":[185,226],"This":[191],"expected":[193],"mainly":[198],"built":[199],"DER.":[202],"builds":[206],"significantly":[215],"improves":[216],"them":[217],"EC":[223],"(excluding":[224],"ADR),":[227],"which":[228],"significant":[231],"step":[232],"towards":[233],"an":[234],"ideal":[235],"implementation":[236],"LoRaWAN\u2019s":[238],"ADR.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
