{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389175709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9120265","title":"SCOLIONET: An Automated Scoliosis Cobb Angle Quantification Using Enhanced X-ray Images and Deep Learning Models","display_name":"SCOLIONET: An Automated Scoliosis Cobb Angle Quantification Using Enhanced X-ray Images and Deep Learning Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389175709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9120265","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38132683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9120265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9120265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/12/265/pdf?version=1701339146","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/12/265/pdf?version=1701339146","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066853500","display_name":"Renato R. Maaliw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-2708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I298027637","display_name":"Southern Luzon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x4epv84","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I298027637"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renato R. Maaliw","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Southern Luzon State University, Lucban 4328, Quezon, Philippines"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Southern Luzon State University, Lucban 4328, Quezon, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I298027637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066853500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I298027637"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.7684,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68496983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"265","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6983282566070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6820869445800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5343643426895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5139924883842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoliosis","display_name":"Scoliosis","score":0.49594196677207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.495781272649765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.43485406041145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.43456581234931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41144615411758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.32444021105766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3216986656188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18715590238571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.11880964040756226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6983282566070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6820869445800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5343643426895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5139924883842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780955175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174857","display_name":"Scoliosis","level":2,"score":0.49594196677207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.495781272649765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.43485406041145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.43456581234931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41144615411758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.32444021105766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3216986656188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18715590238571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.11880964040756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9120265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9120265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/12/265/pdf?version=1701339146","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38132683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38132683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10743962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10743962","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10743962/pdf/jimaging-09-00265.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:90d1430611814ed9adfd93a14f116ca9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/90d1430611814ed9adfd93a14f116ca9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 9, Iss 12, p 265 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9120265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9120265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/12/265/pdf?version=1701339146","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324072","display_name":"Commission on Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04s346m05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389175709.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050366158","https://openalex.org/W2052004160","https://openalex.org/W2400599039","https://openalex.org/W2566561901","https://openalex.org/W2761801613","https://openalex.org/W2783023427","https://openalex.org/W2899101750","https://openalex.org/W2916452242","https://openalex.org/W2943897738","https://openalex.org/W2979552841","https://openalex.org/W3026431448","https://openalex.org/W3027226863","https://openalex.org/W3045118660","https://openalex.org/W3082072615","https://openalex.org/W3087604859","https://openalex.org/W3154849254","https://openalex.org/W3168693326","https://openalex.org/W3209088283","https://openalex.org/W4200598238","https://openalex.org/W4210655294","https://openalex.org/W4220868306","https://openalex.org/W4223430324","https://openalex.org/W4223658779","https://openalex.org/W4224073284","https://openalex.org/W4288455760","https://openalex.org/W4307430179","https://openalex.org/W4310717060","https://openalex.org/W4313006458","https://openalex.org/W4361829730","https://openalex.org/W4366250300","https://openalex.org/W4384029030","https://openalex.org/W4384158232","https://openalex.org/W6783147448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169196470","https://openalex.org/W4385368139","https://openalex.org/W4237580245","https://openalex.org/W2810679507","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,93,133],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,9,16,77,95,104,141,148,163,180],"medical":[3,165],"prognoses":[4],"hinges":[5],"on":[6,22,69],"the":[7,87,101,105,155,161,178],"delivery":[8],"timely":[10],"and":[11,18,33,81,130,143,172,176],"reliable":[12],"assessments.":[13],"Conventional":[14],"methods":[15],"assessments":[17],"diagnosis,":[19],"often":[20],"reliant":[21],"human":[23],"expertise,":[24],"lead":[25],"to":[26,29,45,55,100,110,125,167],"inconsistencies":[27],"due":[28],"professionals'":[30],"subjectivity,":[31],"knowledge,":[32],"experience.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"these":[37],"problems":[38],"head-on,":[39],"we":[40],"harnessed":[41],"artificial":[42],"intelligence's":[43],"power":[44],"introduce":[46],"a":[47,73,138],"transformative":[48],"solution.":[49],"We":[50,114],"leveraged":[51],"convolutional":[52],"neural":[53],"networks":[54],"engineer":[56],"our":[57,70,121,127],"SCOLIONET":[58],"architecture,":[59],"which":[60],"can":[61],"accurately":[62],"identify":[63],"Cobb":[64],"angle":[65],"measurements.":[66],"Empirical":[67],"testing":[68],"pipeline":[71],"demonstrated":[72],"mean":[74],"segmentation":[75],"accuracy":[76,97],"97.50%":[78],"(Sorensen-Dice":[79],"coefficient)":[80],"96.30%":[82],"(Intersection":[83],"over":[84],"Union),":[85],"indicating":[86],"model's":[88],"proficiency":[89],"in":[90,174],"outlining":[91],"vertebrae.":[92],"level":[94],"quantification":[96],"was":[98],"attributed":[99],"state-of-the-art":[102],"design":[103],"atrous":[106],"spatial":[107],"pyramid":[108],"pooling":[109],"better":[111],"segment":[112],"images.":[113],"also":[115],"compared":[116],"physician's":[117],"manual":[118],"evaluations":[119],"against":[120],"machine":[122],"driven":[123],"measurements":[124],"validate":[126],"approach's":[128],"practicality":[129],"reliability":[131],"further.":[132],"results":[134],"were":[135],"remarkable,":[136],"with":[137],"<i>p</i>-value":[139],"(<i>t</i>-test)":[140],"0.1713":[142],"an":[144],"average":[145],"acceptable":[146],"deviation":[147],"2.86":[149],"degrees,":[150],"suggesting":[151],"insignificant":[152],"difference":[153],"between":[154],"two":[156],"methods.":[157],"Our":[158],"work":[159],"holds":[160],"premise":[162],"enabling":[164],"practitioners":[166],"expedite":[168],"scoliosis":[169],"examination":[170],"swiftly":[171],"consistently":[173],"improving":[175],"advancing":[177],"quality":[179],"patient":[181],"care.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
