{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386847931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090191","title":"Limitations of Out-of-Distribution Detection in 3D Medical Image Segmentation","display_name":"Limitations of Out-of-Distribution Detection in 3D Medical Image Segmentation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386847931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090191","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9090191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090191","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/191/pdf?version=1695050378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/191/pdf?version=1695050378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036404758","display_name":"Anton Vasiliuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-273X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153845743","display_name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v0z9322","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153845743"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Vasiliuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-273X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 141701, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153845743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012665706","display_name":"Daria Frolova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-9015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125989756","display_name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9nc143","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daria Frolova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-9015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000964051","display_name":"Mikhail Belyaev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-5316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125989756","display_name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9nc143","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail Belyaev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-5316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035949379","display_name":"Boris Shirokikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-5789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125989756","display_name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9nc143","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Boris Shirokikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-5789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (AIRI), Moscow 105064, Russia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035949379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125989756"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.9014,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91246908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"191","last_page":"191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7613122463226318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7471164464950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7291053533554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6475274562835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5929391384124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.5545199513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4896581768989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.48713967204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4196149706840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4141908288002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3680451810359955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34977391362190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06812474131584167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7613122463226318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7471164464950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7291053533554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6475274562835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5929391384124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.5545199513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4896581768989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.48713967204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4196149706840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4141908288002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3680451810359955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34977391362190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06812474131584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9090191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090191","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/191/pdf?version=1695050378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37754955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10532230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10532230","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10532230/pdf/jimaging-09-00191.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7f7874cf27040249260488c7964cdd8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7f7874cf27040249260488c7964cdd8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 191 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9090191","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090191","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/191/pdf?version=1695050378","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3439744550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20-71-10134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","funder_display_name":"Russian Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","display_name":"Russian Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03y2gwe85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386847931.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2742774307","https://openalex.org/W2786808285","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2962767316","https://openalex.org/W2963238274","https://openalex.org/W2964059111","https://openalex.org/W2991523350","https://openalex.org/W3012412627","https://openalex.org/W3034217686","https://openalex.org/W3034230713","https://openalex.org/W3098712157","https://openalex.org/W3118929067","https://openalex.org/W3120506007","https://openalex.org/W3156124933","https://openalex.org/W3170362706","https://openalex.org/W3208578242","https://openalex.org/W4224941647","https://openalex.org/W4225699621","https://openalex.org/W4225740823","https://openalex.org/W4385195017","https://openalex.org/W4393459781","https://openalex.org/W6730042731","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6803220368","https://openalex.org/W6903504744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W4230315250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"models":[2],"perform":[3,80],"unreliably":[4],"when":[5,46],"the":[6,14,67,82,85,105,134,146,149,174,188,194],"data":[7,32],"come":[8],"from":[9,13],"a":[10,91,120,138,160,178,202],"distribution":[11],"different":[12],"training":[15],"one.":[16],"In":[17,37],"critical":[18],"applications":[19],"such":[20,31],"as":[21,177,201],"medical":[22,50,156],"imaging,":[23],"out-of-distribution":[24],"(OOD)":[25],"detection":[26,44,152,192],"methods":[27,68,99,153],"help":[28],"to":[29,48,75,79,186,205],"identify":[30],"samples,":[33],"preventing":[34],"erroneous":[35],"predictions.":[36],"this":[38,116,170],"paper,":[39],"we":[40,118,172],"further":[41],"investigate":[42],"OOD":[43,56,151,191],"effectiveness":[45],"applied":[47],"3D":[49,155],"image":[51],"segmentation.":[52],"We":[53,197],"designed":[54,83,175],"several":[55],"challenges":[57,176],"representing":[58],"clinically":[59],"occurring":[60],"cases":[61],"and":[62,158,182],"found":[63],"that":[64],"none":[65],"of":[66,141,148,190],"achieved":[69,101],"acceptable":[70],"performance.":[71],"Methods":[72],"not":[73],"dedicated":[74],"segmentation":[76],"severely":[77],"failed":[78],"in":[81,133,169],"setups;":[84],"best":[86,106],"mean":[87,107,139],"false-positive":[88],"rate":[89,94],"at":[90],"95%":[92],"true-positive":[93],"(FPR)":[95],"was":[96],"0.59.":[97],"Segmentation-dedicated":[98],"still":[100],"suboptimal":[102],"performance,":[103],"with":[104,137,154],"FPR":[108,140],"being":[109],"0.31":[110],"(lower":[111],"is":[112],"better).":[113],"To":[114,166],"indicate":[115],"suboptimality,":[117],"developed":[119],"simple":[121],"method":[122],"called":[123],"Intensity":[124],"Histogram":[125],"Features":[126],"(IHF),":[127],"which":[128],"performed":[129],"comparably":[130],"or":[131],"better":[132],"same":[135],"challenges,":[136],"0.25.":[142],"Our":[143],"findings":[144],"highlight":[145],"limitations":[147],"existing":[150],"images":[157],"present":[159],"promising":[161],"avenue":[162],"for":[163],"improving":[164],"them.":[165],"facilitate":[167],"research":[168],"area,":[171],"release":[173],"publicly":[179],"available":[180],"benchmark":[181],"formulate":[183],"practical":[184],"criteria":[185],"test":[187],"generalization":[189],"beyond":[193],"suggested":[195],"benchmark.":[196],"also":[198],"propose":[199],"IHF":[200],"solid":[203],"baseline":[204],"contest":[206],"emerging":[207],"methods.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}