{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386223025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090173","title":"A Framework for Detecting Thyroid Cancer from Ultrasound and Histopathological Images Using Deep Learning, Meta-Heuristics, and MCDM Algorithms","display_name":"A Framework for Detecting Thyroid Cancer from Ultrasound and Histopathological Images Using Deep Learning, Meta-Heuristics, and MCDM Algorithms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386223025","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090173","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9090173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/173/pdf?version=1693214281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/173/pdf?version=1693214281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700282","display_name":"Rohit Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-1621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4489-1621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039816959","display_name":"G. K. Mahanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7374-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Kumar Mahanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7374-3831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034931207","display_name":"Ganapati Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3555-5685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125057","display_name":"Vivekananda Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mz4r36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930198","display_name":"C.V. Raman Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/032583b91","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganapati Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar 752054, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3555-5685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar 752054, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057","https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086930763","display_name":"Adyasha Rath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-1914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125057","display_name":"Vivekananda Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/038mz4r36","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930198","display_name":"C.V. Raman Global University","ror":"https://ror.org/032583b91","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adyasha Rath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar 752054, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-1914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar 752054, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125057","https://openalex.org/I4387930198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015564784","display_name":"S. Dash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-7652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61198380","display_name":"Nagaland University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n97pt16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujata Dash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Nagaland University, Dimapur 797112, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-7652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Nagaland University, Dimapur 797112, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61198380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033317672","display_name":"Saurav Mallik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4107-6784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saurav Mallik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, MA 85721, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4107-6784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, MA 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014283519","display_name":"Ruifeng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5549-3082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruifeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA","Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5549-3082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033317672"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.6126,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95856757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"9","first_page":"173","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7608795762062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7550104856491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7455644607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6105761528015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5479271411895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5378339290618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.533224880695343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.42828431725502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33339256048202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.22064733505249023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7608795762062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7550104856491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7455644607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6105761528015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5479271411895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5378339290618896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.533224880695343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.42828431725502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33339256048202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.22064733505249023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9090173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/173/pdf?version=1693214281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37754937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.arizona.edu:10150/672075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/672075","pdf_url":"https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/10150/672075/1/jimaging-09-00173-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400271","display_name":"UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","host_organization_name":"University of Arizona","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10532397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10532397","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10532397/pdf/jimaging-09-00173.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b63220d080764faabc2febacdb682d52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b63220d080764faabc2febacdb682d52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 9, Iss 9, p 173 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9090173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9090173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/9/173/pdf?version=1693214281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386223025.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027685755","https://openalex.org/W2473687341","https://openalex.org/W2735666957","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2792205871","https://openalex.org/W2908329206","https://openalex.org/W2970985632","https://openalex.org/W2971403019","https://openalex.org/W2975605169","https://openalex.org/W2978154053","https://openalex.org/W2984489845","https://openalex.org/W2999573949","https://openalex.org/W3013244916","https://openalex.org/W3015027340","https://openalex.org/W3026419502","https://openalex.org/W3047780082","https://openalex.org/W3116083401","https://openalex.org/W3116489684","https://openalex.org/W3127253295","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3157123547","https://openalex.org/W3157506437","https://openalex.org/W3199584984","https://openalex.org/W3201152645","https://openalex.org/W3216233570","https://openalex.org/W4213282684","https://openalex.org/W4214818531","https://openalex.org/W4224268557","https://openalex.org/W4224314705","https://openalex.org/W4288077770","https://openalex.org/W4308083503","https://openalex.org/W4311679151","https://openalex.org/W4312451777","https://openalex.org/W4362511463","https://openalex.org/W4364353198","https://openalex.org/W4367307060","https://openalex.org/W4382728247","https://openalex.org/W6795140394","https://openalex.org/W6851575273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036439084","https://openalex.org/W2347213675","https://openalex.org/W2345184372","https://openalex.org/W2152845367","https://openalex.org/W2772780115","https://openalex.org/W2522851758","https://openalex.org/W4386066044","https://openalex.org/W2010043809","https://openalex.org/W3181448769","https://openalex.org/W3207278327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer-assisted":[0],"diagnostic":[1,336],"systems":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"developed":[5,68],"to":[6,19,33,53,77,121,139,182,322],"aid":[7,349],"doctors":[8],"in":[9,215,226,320,341],"diagnosing":[10],"thyroid-related":[11,55,339],"abnormalities.":[12],"The":[13,62,85,186,253],"aim":[14],"of":[15,24,103,116,143,274,277,282,295,299,305,317],"this":[16,41],"research":[17],"is":[18,99,180,190,224],"improve":[20,323],"the":[21,81,92,109,113,117,123,141,144,159,165,176,184,194,202,205,216,219,238,247,263,285,289,308,314,324,333,354,358],"diagnosis":[22,327],"accuracy":[23,273,293],"thyroid":[25,82,325],"abnormality":[26],"detection":[27],"models":[28,196,233],"that":[29,106],"can":[30,107,347],"be":[31],"utilized":[32],"alleviate":[34],"undue":[35],"pressure":[36],"on":[37,91,164,284,307,357],"healthcare":[38],"professionals.":[39],"In":[40,119,201],"research,":[42],"we":[43],"proposed":[44,63,249,330],"deep":[45,69],"learning,":[46],"metaheuristics,":[47],"and":[48,59,75,95,111,135,155,174,209,243,267,279,301,343,346],"a":[49,100],"MCDM":[50,188],"algorithms-based":[51],"framework":[52,331],"detect":[54],"abnormalities":[56,340],"from":[57,80],"ultrasound":[58,286,342],"histopathological":[60,309,344],"images.":[61],"method":[64,223],"uses":[65],"three":[66],"recently":[67,248],"learning":[70,242],"techniques":[71,88,129,211],"(DeiT,":[72],"Swin":[73],"Transformer,":[74],"Mixer-MLP)":[76],"extract":[78],"features":[79,105,244],"image":[83],"datasets.":[84],"feature":[86,127,207,228,256],"extraction":[87,208],"are":[89,137,147,212,234],"based":[90],"Image":[93],"Transformer":[94],"MLP":[96],"models.":[97],"There":[98,146],"large":[101,171],"number":[102],"redundant":[104],"overfit":[108],"classifiers":[110,150],"reduce":[112,140],"generalization":[114],"capabilities":[115],"classifiers.":[118],"order":[120,321],"avoid":[122],"overfitting":[124],"problem,":[125],"six":[126],"transformation":[128],"(PCA,":[130],"TSVD,":[131],"FastICA,":[132],"ISOMAP,":[133],"LLE,":[134],"UMP)":[136],"analyzed":[138],"dimensionality":[142,221],"data.":[145],"five":[148],"different":[149,198,318],"(LR,":[151],"NB,":[152],"SVC,":[153],"KNN,":[154],"RF)":[156],"evaluated":[157,195,225],"using":[158,246],"5-fold":[160],"stratified":[161,177],"cross-validation":[162,178],"technique":[163,179,189],"transformed":[166],"dataset.":[167,287,310],"Both":[168],"datasets":[169,345],"exhibit":[170],"class":[172],"imbalances":[173],"hence,":[175],"used":[181,191],"evaluate":[183],"performance.":[185],"MEREC-TOPSIS":[187],"for":[192,237,338],"ranking":[193],"at":[197],"analysis":[199],"stages.":[200],"first":[203],"stage,":[204,218],"best":[206,220],"classification":[210],"chosen,":[213],"whereas,":[214],"second":[217],"reduction":[222],"wrapper":[227],"selection":[229,245,257],"mode.":[230],"Two":[231],"best-ranked":[232],"further":[235],"selected":[236],"weighted":[239],"average":[240],"ensemble":[241],"meta-heuristics":[250],"FOX-optimization":[251],"algorithm.":[252],"PCA+FOX":[254],"optimization-based":[255],"+":[258],"random":[259],"forest":[260],"model":[261,290],"achieved":[262,291],"highest":[264],"TOPSIS":[265],"score":[266,281,294,304],"performed":[268],"exceptionally":[269],"well":[270],"with":[271],"an":[272,292,297,302],"99.13%,":[275],"F2-score":[276,298],"98.82%,":[278],"AUC-ROC":[280,303],"99.13%":[283],"Similarly,":[288],"90.65%,":[296],"92.01%,":[300],"95.48%":[306],"This":[311,329],"study":[312],"exploits":[313],"combination":[315],"novelty":[316],"algorithms":[319],"cancer":[326],"capabilities.":[328],"outperforms":[332],"current":[334],"state-of-the-art":[335],"methods":[337],"significantly":[348],"medical":[350,359],"professionals":[351],"by":[352],"reducing":[353],"excessive":[355],"burden":[356],"fraternity.":[360]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-31T08:46:17.908082","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
