{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312078790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9010001","title":"A Survey on Deep Learning in COVID-19 Diagnosis","display_name":"A Survey on Deep Learning in COVID-19 Diagnosis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312078790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9010001","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36662099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/1/1/pdf?version=1672293137","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/1/1/pdf?version=1672293137","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109287375","display_name":"Xue Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2759-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","School of Mathematics and Information Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210038, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Information Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079444190","display_name":"Zuojin Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuojin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Information Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210038, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Information Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210038, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007987858","display_name":"Shuihua Wang\u200e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuihua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434437","display_name":"Yudong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-1493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yudong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4870-1493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100434437"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":3.6432,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93943561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.858964204788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7865273952484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7419662475585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7160406112670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6555847525596619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6268559098243713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.6173123717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45183950662612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4326590597629547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4291020333766937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41897454857826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17008918523788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.11766523122787476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.858964204788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7865273952484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7419662475585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7160406112670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6555847525596619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6268559098243713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.6173123717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45183950662612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4326590597629547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4291020333766937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41897454857826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17008918523788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.11766523122787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/1/1/pdf?version=1672293137","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36662099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36662099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84ac206d07674713bb801e6c5d21729a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84ac206d07674713bb801e6c5d21729a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 9, Iss 1, p 1 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9866755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9866755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging9010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/9/1/1/pdf?version=1672293137","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7570769388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24NN201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320188","funder_display_name":"Fight for Sight UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7965435125","display_name":"Accelerator Award","funder_award_id":"AA/18/3/34220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","funder_display_name":"British Heart Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319992","display_name":"British Heart Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02wdwnk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320188","display_name":"Fight for Sight UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03133qe46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312078790.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312078790.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":186,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46086471","https://openalex.org/W1034159276","https://openalex.org/W1517771839","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1607307044","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1840106123","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1982067089","https://openalex.org/W2010293146","https://openalex.org/W2028138594","https://openalex.org/W2032536435","https://openalex.org/W2033903848","https://openalex.org/W2034368206","https://openalex.org/W2041496338","https://openalex.org/W2062179223","https://openalex.org/W2062518264","https://openalex.org/W2090923791","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2108069432","https://openalex.org/W2112483442","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2120708938","https://openalex.org/W2123169298","https://openalex.org/W2132898581","https://openalex.org/W2134525017","https://openalex.org/W2143104527","https://openalex.org/W2148966043","https://openalex.org/W2158108973","https://openalex.org/W2158778629","https://openalex.org/W2162931300","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2170607218","https://openalex.org/W2171068337","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2220894487","https://openalex.org/W2280985394","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2345474290","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2574952845","https://openalex.org/W2585560244","https://openalex.org/W2604262106","https://openalex.org/W2617669016","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2738352648","https://openalex.org/W2742248641","https://openalex.org/W2744790985","https://openalex.org/W2750444717","https://openalex.org/W2758007480","https://openalex.org/W2887286714","https://openalex.org/W2893693469","https://openalex.org/W2898766617","https://openalex.org/W2900595477","https://openalex.org/W2901645117","https://openalex.org/W2905568257","https://openalex.org/W2908903110","https://openalex.org/W2909356672","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2939520333","https://openalex.org/W2944062336","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2962782417","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963622428","https://openalex.org/W2963920537","https://openalex.org/W2964130431","https://openalex.org/W2988627800","https://openalex.org/W2993751684","https://openalex.org/W2998845781","https://openalex.org/W3002539152","https://openalex.org/W3004100671","https://openalex.org/W3006110666","https://openalex.org/W3006882119","https://openalex.org/W3007170347","https://openalex.org/W3008827533","https://openalex.org/W3013130152","https://openalex.org/W3013277995","https://openalex.org/W3013507463","https://openalex.org/W3014993555","https://openalex.org/W3015500613","https://openalex.org/W3015818691","https://openalex.org/W3016232369","https://openalex.org/W3016794870","https://openalex.org/W3020368149","https://openalex.org/W3023053339","https://openalex.org/W3023402713","https://openalex.org/W3023594394","https://openalex.org/W3023614822","https://openalex.org/W3024005803","https://openalex.org/W3028231159","https://openalex.org/W3029841422","https://openalex.org/W3033835801","https://openalex.org/W3036908895","https://openalex.org/W3037238574","https://openalex.org/W3037538421","https://openalex.org/W3042813589","https://openalex.org/W3043763597","https://openalex.org/W3044240928","https://openalex.org/W3044860211","https://openalex.org/W3044907535","https://openalex.org/W3059643756","https://openalex.org/W3060850527","https://openalex.org/W3082794436","https://openalex.org/W3087845270","https://openalex.org/W3089290459","https://openalex.org/W3095480712","https://openalex.org/W3095795349","https://openalex.org/W3099183222","https://openalex.org/W3099905444","https://openalex.org/W3107175057","https://openalex.org/W3108203735","https://openalex.org/W3110084950","https://openalex.org/W3110987870","https://openalex.org/W3111464201","https://openalex.org/W3112007575","https://openalex.org/W3118892755","https://openalex.org/W3119555984","https://openalex.org/W3127550792","https://openalex.org/W3128914156","https://openalex.org/W3133735015","https://openalex.org/W3133765315","https://openalex.org/W3134784106","https://openalex.org/W3135531566","https://openalex.org/W3135715469","https://openalex.org/W3139833881","https://openalex.org/W3154493450","https://openalex.org/W3154514470","https://openalex.org/W3156606446","https://openalex.org/W3161761924","https://openalex.org/W3162351260","https://openalex.org/W3163957830","https://openalex.org/W3166858064","https://openalex.org/W3176923149","https://openalex.org/W3180787265","https://openalex.org/W3185955246","https://openalex.org/W3187766292","https://openalex.org/W3191075711","https://openalex.org/W3191963645","https://openalex.org/W3194261944","https://openalex.org/W3197435135","https://openalex.org/W3199040194","https://openalex.org/W3199733685","https://openalex.org/W3201603287","https://openalex.org/W3203452132","https://openalex.org/W3207993568","https://openalex.org/W3211729376","https://openalex.org/W3217037671","https://openalex.org/W4200465517","https://openalex.org/W4206510012","https://openalex.org/W4206608885","https://openalex.org/W4206930139","https://openalex.org/W4210598198","https://openalex.org/W4220868306","https://openalex.org/W4221128680","https://openalex.org/W4223430324","https://openalex.org/W4224279529","https://openalex.org/W4224324059","https://openalex.org/W4225659306","https://openalex.org/W4226431697","https://openalex.org/W4255949318","https://openalex.org/W4283260735","https://openalex.org/W4283576870","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W4293248203","https://openalex.org/W4293527381","https://openalex.org/W4313122014","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6676215431","https://openalex.org/W6677658955","https://openalex.org/W6680172675","https://openalex.org/W6743440100","https://openalex.org/W6772513851","https://openalex.org/W6776682592","https://openalex.org/W6791460908","https://openalex.org/W6795570676","https://openalex.org/W6802355987","https://openalex.org/W6810434866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3082178636","https://openalex.org/W1521968289","https://openalex.org/W2782041652","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4315434538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,109,272,275],"the":[2,52,55,58,63,91,125,136,154,160,200,240,245,256,261],"World":[3],"Health":[4],"Organization":[5],"statistics,":[6],"as":[7,107,168,189,223],"of":[8,18,28,36,48,54,60,65,124,162,234,258,263],"25":[9],"October":[10],"2022,":[11],"there":[12],"have":[13,39,236],"been":[14,40],"625,248,843":[15],"confirmed":[16],"cases":[17],"COVID-19,":[19],"including":[20],"65,622,281":[21],"deaths":[22],"worldwide.":[23],"The":[24,32,43,94,215],"spread":[25,53],"and":[26,34,45,57,89,118,141,177,198,212,250,254],"severity":[27],"COVID-19":[29,49,80,145,204,231],"are":[30,184],"alarming.":[31],"economy":[33],"life":[35],"countries":[37],"worldwide":[38],"greatly":[41],"affected.":[42],"rapid":[44],"accurate":[46],"diagnosis":[47,205],"directly":[50],"affects":[51],"virus":[56],"degree":[59],"harm.":[61],"Currently,":[62],"classification":[64],"chest":[66,147,218],"X-ray":[67,148,219],"or":[68,149,220],"CT":[69,150,221],"images":[70,151,222],"based":[71,152],"on":[72,153],"artificial":[73],"intelligence":[74],"is":[75,99,122],"an":[76],"important":[77],"method":[78],"for":[79,143],"diagnosis.":[81,232],"It":[82,121,158],"can":[83],"assist":[84],"doctors":[85],"in":[86,102,186,230,239],"making":[87],"judgments":[88],"reduce":[90],"misdiagnosis":[92],"rate.":[93],"convolutional":[95,155],"neural":[96,156],"network":[97,182],"(CNN)":[98],"very":[100],"popular":[101],"computer":[103],"vision":[104],"applications,":[105],"such":[106,167,188],"applied":[108],"biological":[110],"image":[111],"segmentation,":[112],"traffic":[113],"sign":[114],"recognition,":[115,117],"face":[116],"other":[119],"fields.":[120],"one":[123],"most":[126],"widely":[127],"used":[128],"machine":[129],"learning":[130,139],"methods.":[131],"This":[132,269],"paper":[133,270],"mainly":[134],"introduces":[135],"latest":[137],"deep":[138],"methods":[140],"techniques":[142],"diagnosing":[144],"using":[146],"network.":[157],"reviews":[159],"technology":[161],"CNN":[163,202,226,264],"at":[164],"various":[165],"stages,":[166],"rectified":[169],"linear":[170],"units,":[171],"batch":[172],"normalization,":[173],"data":[174,251],"augmentation,":[175],"dropout,":[176],"so":[178],"on.":[179],"Several":[180],"well-performing":[181],"architectures":[183],"explained":[185],"detail,":[187],"AlexNet,":[190],"ResNet,":[191],"DenseNet,":[192],"VGG,":[193],"GoogleNet,":[194],"etc.":[195],"We":[196],"analyzed":[197],"discussed":[199],"existing":[201,241],"automatic":[203],"systems":[206,216],"from":[207],"sensitivity,":[208],"accuracy,":[209],"precision,":[210],"specificity,":[211],"F1":[213],"score.":[214],"use":[217],"datasets.":[224],"Overall,":[225],"has":[227],"essential":[228],"value":[229],"All":[233],"them":[235],"good":[237],"performance":[238,262],"experiments.":[242],"If":[243],"expanding":[244,255],"datasets,":[246],"adding":[247],"GPU":[248],"acceleration":[249],"preprocessing":[252],"techniques,":[253],"types":[257],"medical":[259],"images,":[260],"will":[265],"be":[266],"further":[267],"improved.":[268],"wishes":[271],"make":[273],"contributions":[274],"future":[276],"research.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}