{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308770528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8110307","title":"Periocular Data Fusion for Age and Gender Classification","display_name":"Periocular Data Fusion for Age and Gender Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308770528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8110307","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging8110307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8110307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/11/307/pdf?version=1668575088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/11/307/pdf?version=1668575088","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018403922","display_name":"Carmen Bisogni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-006X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen Bisogni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086077663","display_name":"Lucia Cascone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-5699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucia Cascone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-5699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034412164","display_name":"Fabio Narducci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4879-7138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Narducci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4879-7138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086077663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.7429,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69395077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"307","last_page":"307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8505332469940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7560062408447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5569677352905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5248886942863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4686566889286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4617919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.452872633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4039686322212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3887787163257599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3282690644264221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8505332469940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7560062408447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5569677352905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5248886942863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4686566889286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4617919921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.452872633934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4039686322212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3887787163257599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3282690644264221}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging8110307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8110307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/11/307/pdf?version=1668575088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36354880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36354880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e04915bcf15e4f208233b6b414be73cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e04915bcf15e4f208233b6b414be73cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 8, Iss 11, p 307 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9692660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9692660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging8110307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8110307","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/11/307/pdf?version=1668575088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308770528.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308770528.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1832748403","https://openalex.org/W1970361289","https://openalex.org/W1971937900","https://openalex.org/W1991266632","https://openalex.org/W2052611008","https://openalex.org/W2055992840","https://openalex.org/W2056988391","https://openalex.org/W2136387890","https://openalex.org/W2150621701","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2329493101","https://openalex.org/W2404073272","https://openalex.org/W2588382066","https://openalex.org/W2589047175","https://openalex.org/W2609122644","https://openalex.org/W2767224350","https://openalex.org/W2769354114","https://openalex.org/W2789818599","https://openalex.org/W2884114979","https://openalex.org/W2898531057","https://openalex.org/W2899015200","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913845656","https://openalex.org/W2944648082","https://openalex.org/W2949228289","https://openalex.org/W2984481992","https://openalex.org/W2992938135","https://openalex.org/W2998393990","https://openalex.org/W3023561714","https://openalex.org/W3042555715","https://openalex.org/W3042892367","https://openalex.org/W3093201014","https://openalex.org/W3097359649","https://openalex.org/W3194851450","https://openalex.org/W6745775746","https://openalex.org/W6769696737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W2019582947","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W4241440711","https://openalex.org/W3212688212","https://openalex.org/W1524372968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,48],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,13,25,41,56,92,105,110,133,147,162,199,212,216],"study":[4,54],"of":[5,44,58,91,135,146,155,185,192,215],"soft":[6,157,206],"biometrics":[7,158,207],"has":[8],"gained":[9],"increasing":[10],"interest":[11],"in":[12],"security":[14],"and":[15,65,75,114,132,144,168,187],"business":[16],"sectors.":[17],"These":[18],"characteristics":[19,159],"provide":[20,52],"limited":[21],"biometric":[22,94,151],"information":[23],"about":[24],"individual;":[26],"hence,":[27],"it":[28],"is":[29,81,218],"possible":[30],"to":[31,39,67,164,169,204,208],"increase":[32],"performance":[33,131],"by":[34,73],"combining":[35],"numerous":[36],"data":[37,78],"sources":[38],"overcome":[40],"accuracy":[42,184,191],"limitations":[43],"a":[45,53,69,88,99,171,188],"single":[46],"trait.":[47],"this":[49,84],"research,":[50],"we":[51,96],"on":[55,201],"fusion":[57,79,103,117,128],"periocular":[59,202],"features":[60],"taken":[61],"from":[62],"pupils,":[63],"fixations,":[64],"blinks":[66],"achieve":[68],"demographic":[70],"classification,":[71],"i.e.,":[72],"age":[74,182],"gender.":[76],"A":[77],"approach":[80],"implemented":[82],"for":[83,102],"purpose.":[85],"To":[86],"build":[87],"trust":[89],"evaluation":[90],"selected":[93],"traits,":[95],"first":[97],"employ":[98],"concatenation":[100],"scheme":[101],"at":[104,109],"feature":[106],"level":[107],"and,":[108],"score":[111,116],"level,":[112],"transformation":[113],"classifier-based":[115],"approaches":[118],"(e.g.,":[119],"weighted":[120,122],"sum,":[121],"product,":[123],"Bayesian":[124],"rule,":[125],"etc.).":[126],"Data":[127],"enables":[129],"improved":[130],"synthesis":[134],"acquired":[136],"information,":[137],"as":[138,140],"well":[139],"its":[141],"secure":[142],"storage":[143],"protection":[145],"multi-biometric":[148],"system's":[149],"original":[150],"models.":[152],"The":[153,175,195],"combination":[154],"these":[156],"combines":[160],"flawlessly":[161],"need":[163],"protect":[165],"individual":[166],"privacy":[167],"have":[170],"strong":[172],"discriminatory":[173],"element.":[174],"results":[176,196],"are":[177],"quite":[178],"encouraging,":[179],"with":[180],"an":[181],"classification":[183,190],"84.45%":[186],"gender":[189],"84.62%,":[193],"respectively.":[194],"obtained":[197],"encourage":[198],"studies":[200],"area":[203],"detect":[205],"be":[209],"applied":[210],"when":[211],"lower":[213],"part":[214],"face":[217],"not":[219],"visible.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}