{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295065893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8090240","title":"Conditional Random Field-Guided Multi-Focus Image Fusion","display_name":"Conditional Random Field-Guided Multi-Focus Image Fusion","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295065893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8090240","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36135406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging8090240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8090240","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/9/240/pdf?version=1662377529","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/9/240/pdf?version=1662377529","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069520395","display_name":"Odysseas Bouzos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-0078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147962203","display_name":"Democritus University of Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/03bfqnx40","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Odysseas Bouzos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2588-0078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049683515","display_name":"Ioannis Andreadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-9633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147962203","display_name":"Democritus University of Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/03bfqnx40","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Andreadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064706177","display_name":"Nikolaos Mitianoudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0898-6102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147962203","display_name":"Democritus University of Thrace","ror":"https://ror.org/03bfqnx40","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Mitianoudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0898-6102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064706177","https://openalex.org/A5069520395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147962203"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54847822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"240","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.8475551605224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.8187214136123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6617237329483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.6597914695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5966789722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5379238128662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47129595279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44923123717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-rules","display_name":"Fusion rules","score":0.4480415880680084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4459395110607147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"Independent component analysis","score":0.441465824842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.43744397163391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4358966052532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4222247302532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4186880886554718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-field","display_name":"Random field","score":0.41103607416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2853785753250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09964144229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07767313718795776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.8475551605224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.8187214136123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6617237329483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.6597914695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5966789722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5379238128662109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47129595279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44923123717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778971668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510284","display_name":"Fusion rules","level":4,"score":0.4480415880680084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4459395110607147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51432778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259145","display_name":"Independent component analysis","level":2,"score":0.441465824842453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.43744397163391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4358966052532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4222247302532196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4186880886554718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130402806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5361768","display_name":"Random field","level":2,"score":0.41103607416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2853785753250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09964144229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07767313718795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging8090240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8090240","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/9/240/pdf?version=1662377529","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36135406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36135406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7788197a0f94cba8d1888bae024ab89","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7788197a0f94cba8d1888bae024ab89","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 8, Iss 9, p 240 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9505971","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9505971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging8090240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8090240","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/8/9/240/pdf?version=1662377529","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104847522","https://openalex.org/W1965606870","https://openalex.org/W1970302834","https://openalex.org/W1994616697","https://openalex.org/W1994714721","https://openalex.org/W1997480692","https://openalex.org/W1999034606","https://openalex.org/W2002285735","https://openalex.org/W2010307644","https://openalex.org/W2025133197","https://openalex.org/W2034995331","https://openalex.org/W2039465985","https://openalex.org/W2060580607","https://openalex.org/W2083388902","https://openalex.org/W2089809277","https://openalex.org/W2091484864","https://openalex.org/W2102166818","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2146353910","https://openalex.org/W2418999752","https://openalex.org/W2522703671","https://openalex.org/W2532801510","https://openalex.org/W2559870345","https://openalex.org/W2767512561","https://openalex.org/W2777967210","https://openalex.org/W2798987894","https://openalex.org/W2891029880","https://openalex.org/W2905307044","https://openalex.org/W2941380944","https://openalex.org/W2952327021","https://openalex.org/W2963787388","https://openalex.org/W2999679093","https://openalex.org/W3083968433","https://openalex.org/W3096242307","https://openalex.org/W3105639468","https://openalex.org/W3129675108","https://openalex.org/W3158729725","https://openalex.org/W3162209674","https://openalex.org/W3175361357","https://openalex.org/W3204121154","https://openalex.org/W3205542311","https://openalex.org/W3206983901","https://openalex.org/W4206934092","https://openalex.org/W4220802961","https://openalex.org/W4224306950","https://openalex.org/W4224923657","https://openalex.org/W4281558683","https://openalex.org/W4282825873","https://openalex.org/W4288040442","https://openalex.org/W4288045195","https://openalex.org/W6795426856","https://openalex.org/W6802020863","https://openalex.org/W6838119561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293372754","https://openalex.org/W4312837757","https://openalex.org/W2549658594","https://openalex.org/W2587577390","https://openalex.org/W2378046426","https://openalex.org/W2158854660","https://openalex.org/W4213227867","https://openalex.org/W2031602794","https://openalex.org/W2358873223","https://openalex.org/W2379054866"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-Focus":[0],"image":[1,24,38,152,176,201],"fusion":[2,25,62,130,167,173,179,196,202],"is":[3,70,90,102,115,141,153],"of":[4,15,81,131,156,194],"great":[5],"importance":[6],"in":[7],"order":[8,48],"to":[9,37,44,49,74,92,127,144,198],"cope":[10,50],"with":[11,51,118],"the":[12,56,76,82,105,109,119,129,132,136,145,150,154,157,162,191],"limited":[13],"Depth-of-Field":[14],"optical":[16],"lenses.":[17],"Since":[18],"input":[19,83],"images":[20],"contain":[21],"noise,":[22],"multi-focus":[23,200],"methods":[26,33],"that":[27],"support":[28],"denoising":[29,177],"are":[30,42,125],"important.":[31],"Transform-domain":[32],"have":[34],"been":[35],"applied":[36,91,143],"fusion,":[39],"however,":[40],"they":[41],"likely":[43],"produce":[45],"artifacts.":[46],"In":[47],"these":[52],"issues,":[53],"we":[54],"introduce":[55,170],"Conditional":[57,97],"Random":[58,98],"Field":[59,99],"(CRF)":[60,100],"CRF-Guided":[61,166,195],"method.":[63,121],"A":[64],"novel":[65],"Edge":[66],"Aware":[67],"Centering":[68],"method":[69],"proposed":[71],"and":[72,78,95,108,135,161,174,187],"employed":[73],"extract":[75],"low":[77,106,159],"high":[79,164],"frequencies":[80],"images.":[84],"The":[85,112,122],"Independent":[86],"Component":[87],"Analysis-ICA":[88],"transform":[89,110,137,147,182],"high-frequency":[93],"components":[94,134],"a":[96],"model":[101,114],"created":[103],"from":[104],"frequency":[107,160],"coefficients.":[111,138,148],"CRF":[113],"solved":[116],"efficiently":[117],"\u03b1-expansion":[120],"estimated":[123],"labels":[124],"used":[126],"guide":[128],"low-frequency":[133],"Inverse":[139],"ICA":[140],"then":[142],"fused":[146,151,158,163],"Finally,":[149],"addition":[155],"frequency.":[165],"does":[168],"not":[169],"artifacts":[171],"during":[172,178],"supports":[175],"by":[180],"applying":[181],"domain":[183],"coefficient":[184],"shrinkage.":[185],"Quantitative":[186],"qualitative":[188],"evaluation":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"superior":[192],"performance":[193],"compared":[197],"state-of-the-art":[199],"methods.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}