{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207546409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7100210","title":"Design of Flexible Hardware Accelerators for Image Convolutions and Transposed Convolutions","display_name":"Design of Flexible Hardware Accelerators for Image Convolutions and Transposed Convolutions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207546409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7100210","mag":"3207546409","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34677296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7100210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7100210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/10/210/pdf?version=1634568005","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/10/210/pdf?version=1634568005","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087153969","display_name":"Cristian Sestito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7731-0002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Sestito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035230230","display_name":"Fanny Spagnolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2197-4563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanny Spagnolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074662921","display_name":"Stefania Perri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1363-9201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Perri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074662921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.7768,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74252706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"10","first_page":"210","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8721964955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8018836975097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6340619325637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5787097811698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.49175265431404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.48977160453796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.46207502484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4535473585128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.444401353597641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.406075119972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.39568817615509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3860362768173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15363124012947083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8721964955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8018836975097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6340619325637817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5787097811698914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.49175265431404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.48977160453796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.46207502484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4535473585128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.444401353597641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.406075119972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.39568817615509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3860362768173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15363124012947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7100210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7100210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/10/210/pdf?version=1634568005","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34677296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34677296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35dd0e9e5d8942899c751db5a7ff4e6e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35dd0e9e5d8942899c751db5a7ff4e6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 7, Iss 10, p 210 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7439475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8538663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8538663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8538663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7100210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7100210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/10/210/pdf?version=1634568005","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1464101492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FESR 2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3343908867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.5.6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326073","funder_display_name":"Regione Calabria"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G453067482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5634946813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5942538709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POR Calabria FSE/FESR 2014-2020 International  Mobility of PhD students and research grants/type A Researchers","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326073","funder_display_name":"Regione Calabria"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5991874751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FSE/FESR 2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326073","funder_display_name":"Regione Calabria"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7815467100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.5.12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326073","funder_display_name":"Regione Calabria"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326073","display_name":"Regione Calabria","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207546409.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207546409.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1567302070","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W2047920195","https://openalex.org/W2121058967","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2503339013","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2798838583","https://openalex.org/W2886623847","https://openalex.org/W2891976760","https://openalex.org/W2915803961","https://openalex.org/W2961609800","https://openalex.org/W2963730812","https://openalex.org/W3004390962","https://openalex.org/W3005283024","https://openalex.org/W3034100311","https://openalex.org/W3040533934","https://openalex.org/W3080548710","https://openalex.org/W3094627520","https://openalex.org/W3157721836","https://openalex.org/W6677548907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1612076744","https://openalex.org/W2126857316","https://openalex.org/W2152074211","https://openalex.org/W2129019972","https://openalex.org/W3164085601","https://openalex.org/W1522032972","https://openalex.org/W2113308450","https://openalex.org/W2139962137","https://openalex.org/W3139915793","https://openalex.org/W2340647897"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"computer":[1,76],"vision":[2,77],"relies":[3],"heavily":[4],"on":[5,92],"convolutional":[6,30,34],"neural":[7],"networks":[8],"(CNNs)":[9],"to":[10,25,44,58,86,119,125,134,140,151,173,176,199,205,214],"perform":[11,56],"complex":[12],"and":[13,32,71,115,122,156],"accurate":[14],"tasks.":[15],"Among":[16],"them,":[17],"super-resolution":[18],"CNNs":[19,91],"represent":[20,79],"a":[21,80,146,167,195],"meaningful":[22],"example,":[23],"due":[24],"the":[26,38,54,60,64,83,88,136,186,191,220],"presence":[27],"of":[28,47,63,74,90,138,197],"both":[29,154],"(CONV)":[31],"transposed":[33],"(TCONV)":[35],"layers.":[36],"While":[37],"former":[39],"exploit":[40],"multiply-and-accumulate":[41],"(MAC)":[42],"operations":[43,139],"extract":[45],"features":[46],"interest":[48],"from":[49],"incoming":[50],"feature":[51],"maps":[52],"(<i>fmaps</i>),":[53],"latter":[55],"MACs":[57],"tune":[59],"spatial":[61],"resolution":[62],"received":[65],"<i>fmaps</i>":[66],"properly.":[67],"The":[68,158],"ever-growing":[69],"real-time":[70],"low-power":[72],"requirements":[73],"modern":[75],"applications":[78],"stimulus":[81],"for":[82,110],"research":[84],"community":[85],"investigate":[87],"deployment":[89],"well-suited":[93],"hardware":[94,169],"platforms,":[95],"such":[96],"as":[97,107],"field":[98],"programmable":[99],"gate":[100],"arrays":[101],"(FPGAs).":[102],"FPGAs":[103],"are":[104],"widely":[105],"recognized":[106],"valid":[108],"candidates":[109],"trading":[111],"off":[112],"computational":[113],"speed":[114],"power":[116],"consumption,":[117],"thanks":[118],"their":[120,123],"flexibility":[121],"capability":[124],"also":[126],"deal":[127],"with":[128],"computationally":[129],"intensive":[130],"models.":[131],"In":[132],"order":[133],"reduce":[135],"number":[137],"be":[141],"performed,":[142],"this":[143],"paper":[144],"presents":[145],"novel":[147],"hardware-oriented":[148],"algorithm":[149],"able":[150],"efficiently":[152],"accelerate":[153],"CONVs":[155],"TCONVs.":[157],"proposed":[159,192],"strategy":[160],"was":[161],"validated":[162],"by":[163],"employing":[164],"it":[165,208],"within":[166],"reconfigurable":[168],"accelerator":[170,193],"purposely":[171],"designed":[172],"adapt":[174],"itself":[175],"different":[177],"operating":[178],"modes":[179],"set":[180],"at":[181],"run-time.":[182],"When":[183],"characterized":[184],"using":[185],"Xilinx":[187],"XC7K410T":[188],"FPGA":[189],"device,":[190],"achieved":[194],"throughput":[196],"up":[198,213],"2022.2":[200],"GOPS":[201],"and,":[202],"in":[203],"comparison":[204],"state-of-the-art":[206],"competitors,":[207],"reached":[209],"an":[210],"energy":[211],"efficiency":[212],"2.3":[215],"times":[216],"higher,":[217],"without":[218],"compromising":[219],"overall":[221],"accuracy.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}