{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197609321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090171","title":"On the Efficacy of Handcrafted and Deep Features for Seed Image Classification","display_name":"On the Efficacy of Handcrafted and Deep Features for Seed Image Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197609321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090171","mag":"3197609321","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34564097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7090171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/9/171/pdf?version=1630395136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/9/171/pdf?version=1630395136","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010294470","display_name":"Andrea Loddo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-3816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Loddo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009180528","display_name":"Cecilia Di Ruberto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-0307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia Di Ruberto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010294470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.542,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9215047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"9","first_page":"171","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9327999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9302999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7673384547233582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.726406455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6589807271957397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6378916501998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6002064347267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5187204480171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.45966896414756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.45778146386146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45135295391082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4436180889606476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4399092495441437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.40344223380088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3682332932949066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.23190459609031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07426196336746216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7673384547233582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.726406455039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6589807271957397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6378916501998901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6002064347267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5187204480171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.45966896414756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.45778146386146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45135295391082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4436180889606476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4399092495441437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.40344223380088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3682332932949066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.23190459609031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07426196336746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7090171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/9/171/pdf?version=1630395136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34564097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34564097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:226ae458552849dbb0845ac776e177a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/226ae458552849dbb0845ac776e177a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 7, Iss 9, p 171 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7439078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8468252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/318178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/9/171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8468252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8468252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7090171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/9/171/pdf?version=1630395136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197609321.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3197609321.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134149728","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1915699021","https://openalex.org/W1994002998","https://openalex.org/W1994073377","https://openalex.org/W2023766319","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2163810466","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2283970736","https://openalex.org/W2467362841","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2505382393","https://openalex.org/W2559960116","https://openalex.org/W2598583405","https://openalex.org/W2599726936","https://openalex.org/W2604194943","https://openalex.org/W2710145426","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2904932243","https://openalex.org/W2967422462","https://openalex.org/W2985910765","https://openalex.org/W3043563458","https://openalex.org/W3044735234","https://openalex.org/W3048493999","https://openalex.org/W3112401911","https://openalex.org/W3138103269","https://openalex.org/W3141338053","https://openalex.org/W3156982815","https://openalex.org/W3157905703","https://openalex.org/W3163306278","https://openalex.org/W3168123399","https://openalex.org/W3175335170","https://openalex.org/W4206092251","https://openalex.org/W4232309283","https://openalex.org/W4299315304","https://openalex.org/W6780935184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W3157224608","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4378678253","https://openalex.org/W2911497689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"vision":[1],"techniques":[2],"have":[3],"become":[4],"important":[5],"in":[6,43,60],"agriculture":[7],"and":[8,39,109,117,143,220],"plant":[9,70],"sciences":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,49,74,114,118,140,170],"their":[13,29,76,122],"wide":[14],"variety":[15],"of":[16,22,33,37,41,54,58,63,86,97,145,156,193,203],"applications.":[17],"In":[18,80,149,176],"particular,":[19,150],"the":[20,31,35,61,110,141,146,167,181,187,207],"analysis":[21],"seeds":[23,71,218],"can":[24,190],"provide":[25],"meaningful":[26],"information":[27],"on":[28],"evolution,":[30],"history":[32],"agriculture,":[34],"domestication":[36],"plants,":[38],"knowledge":[40],"diets":[42],"ancient":[44],"times.":[45,204],"This":[46],"work":[47],"aims":[48],"propose":[50],"an":[51,210,216],"exhaustive":[52],"comparison":[53],"several":[55,103,161],"different":[56,95],"types":[57],"features":[59,124,137,169,189],"context":[62],"multiclass":[64,147],"seed":[65],"classification,":[66],"leveraging":[67],"two":[68],"public":[69],"data":[72],"sets":[73],"classify":[75],"families":[77],"or":[78],"species.":[79],"detail,":[81,177],"we":[82,178],"studied":[83],"possible":[84],"optimisations":[85],"five":[87],"traditional":[88],"machine":[89],"learning":[90],"classifiers":[91],"trained":[92],"with":[93,185,198],"seven":[94],"categories":[96],"handcrafted":[98,129,168,188],"features.":[99,130],"We":[100,205],"also":[101],"fine-tuned":[102],"well-known":[104],"convolutional":[105],"neural":[106],"networks":[107],"(CNNs)":[108],"recently":[111],"proposed":[112],"SeedNet":[113,151],"determine":[115],"whether":[116],"what":[119],"extent":[120],"using":[121],"deep":[123],"may":[125],"be":[126,171],"advantageous":[127],"over":[128],"The":[131],"experimental":[132],"results":[133,209],"demonstrated":[134],"that":[135,180],"CNN":[136],"are":[138],"appropriate":[139],"task":[142],"representative":[144],"scenario.":[148],"achieved":[152],"a":[153,173,199],"mean":[154,194],"F-measure":[155],"96%,":[157],"at":[158,196],"least.":[159],"Nevertheless,":[160],"cases":[162],"showed":[163],"satisfactory":[164],"performance":[165],"from":[166],"considered":[172],"valid":[174],"alternative.":[175],"found":[179],"Ensemble":[182],"strategy":[183],"combined":[184],"all":[186],"achieve":[191],"90.93%":[192],"F-measure,":[195],"least,":[197],"considerably":[200],"lower":[201],"amount":[202],"consider":[206],"obtained":[208],"excellent":[211],"preliminary":[212],"step":[213],"towards":[214],"realising":[215],"automatic":[217],"recognition":[219],"classification":[221],"framework.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}