{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196072120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080148","title":"An Iterative Algorithm for Semisupervised Classification of Hotspots on Bone Scintigraphies of Patients with Prostate Cancer","display_name":"An Iterative Algorithm for Semisupervised Classification of Hotspots on Bone Scintigraphies of Patients with Prostate Cancer","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196072120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080148","mag":"3196072120","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7080148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080148","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/148/pdf?version=1629186125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/148/pdf?version=1629186125","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043844110","display_name":"Laura Provid\u00eancia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6693-9251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111164","display_name":"IPO Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/027ras364","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Provid\u00eancia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal","Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group, IPO Porto Research Centre (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group, IPO Porto Research Centre (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101961906","display_name":"In\u00eas Domingues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2334-7280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111164","display_name":"IPO Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/027ras364","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"In\u00eas Domingues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group, IPO Porto Research Centre (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2334-7280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group, IPO Porto Research Centre (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082299802","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-5143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111164","display_name":"IPO Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/027ras364","country_code":"PT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Ci\u00eancia Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal","Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group, IPO Porto Research Centre (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Physics, Radiobiology and Radiation Protection Group, IPO Porto Research Centre (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101961906"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111164"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.5092,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60454409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"8","first_page":"148","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10543","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.7932902574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-cancer","display_name":"Prostate cancer","score":0.6689664125442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5864705443382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5812434554100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-scintigraphy","display_name":"Bone scintigraphy","score":0.4906438887119293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.47256866097450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45506972074508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.42317771911621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3920742869377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3515656292438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32687777280807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3221851587295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.29851794242858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11378172039985657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.7932902574539185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.6689664125442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5864705443382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5812434554100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776049877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928938","display_name":"Bone scintigraphy","level":2,"score":0.4906438887119293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.47256866097450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45506972074508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42317771911621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3920742869377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3515656292438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32687777280807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3221851587295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.29851794242858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11378172039985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7080148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080148","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/148/pdf?version=1629186125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34460784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70090305b02c4fbcb5c5fa8f22523429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70090305b02c4fbcb5c5fa8f22523429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 7, Iss 8, p 148 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7439011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8404946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8404946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8404946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7080148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080148","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/148/pdf?version=1629186125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G588190738","display_name":"IPO Porto Research Center","funder_award_id":"UIDP/00776/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196072120.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3196072120.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1221773808","https://openalex.org/W1588197864","https://openalex.org/W1836600763","https://openalex.org/W1970345836","https://openalex.org/W1975577875","https://openalex.org/W1981232380","https://openalex.org/W2027902001","https://openalex.org/W2057112344","https://openalex.org/W2058825665","https://openalex.org/W2076610454","https://openalex.org/W2105497548","https://openalex.org/W2121898763","https://openalex.org/W2128631602","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2147477216","https://openalex.org/W2152526126","https://openalex.org/W2159044597","https://openalex.org/W2164828011","https://openalex.org/W2507947736","https://openalex.org/W2583105179","https://openalex.org/W2741135464","https://openalex.org/W2897948478","https://openalex.org/W2909094260","https://openalex.org/W2942927712","https://openalex.org/W2957139802","https://openalex.org/W3005061589","https://openalex.org/W3035503544","https://openalex.org/W3046103539","https://openalex.org/W3049521066","https://openalex.org/W3140854437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W3209204065","https://openalex.org/W1755711892","https://openalex.org/W2160907113","https://openalex.org/W2070813941","https://openalex.org/W2105707930","https://openalex.org/W3046510185","https://openalex.org/W2164205946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prostate":[0],"cancer":[1,8],"(PCa)":[2],"is":[3,41,85,90,129,148,161,187],"the":[4,58,66,75,117,135,164,199,227],"second":[5],"most":[6,28],"diagnosed":[7],"in":[9,25,125,134,154,189],"men.":[10],"Patients":[11],"with":[12,17,166,219],"PCa":[13],"often":[14],"develop":[15],"metastases,":[16],"more":[18],"than":[19],"80%":[20],"of":[21,38,60,68,121,137,192,226],"this":[22,78,111,144],"metastases":[23,98],"occurring":[24],"bone.":[26],"The":[27,131,158,185,203],"common":[29],"imaging":[30],"technique":[31],"used":[32],"for":[33,116],"screening,":[34],"diagnosis":[35],"and":[36,49,106,170,177,181,208,215],"follow-up":[37],"disease":[39,179],"evolution":[40],"bone":[42,61,97,126,175,193],"scintigraphy,":[43],"due":[44],"to":[45,95,100,162,173,183,198],"its":[46],"high":[47],"sensitivity":[48],"widespread":[50],"availability":[51],"at":[52],"nuclear":[53],"medicine":[54],"facilities.":[55],"To":[56],"date,":[57],"assessment":[59],"scans":[62,176,194],"relies":[63,133],"solely":[64],"on":[65],"interpretation":[67],"an":[69,155],"expert":[70],"physician":[71,165],"who":[72],"visually":[73],"assesses":[74],"scan.":[76],"Besides":[77],"being":[79],"a":[80,104,113,139,149,167,190],"time":[81],"consuming":[82],"task,":[83],"it":[84],"also":[86],"subjective,":[87],"as":[88],"there":[89],"no":[91],"absolute":[92],"criteria":[93],"neither":[94,99],"identify":[96],"quantify":[101,174],"them":[102],"by":[103],"straightforward":[105],"universally":[107],"accepted":[108],"procedure.":[109],"In":[110,143],"paper,":[112],"new":[114],"algorithm":[115,147,186],"false":[118,209],"positives":[119],"reduction":[120],"automatically":[122],"detected":[123],"hotspots":[124],"scintigraphy":[127],"images":[128],"proposed.":[130],"motivation":[132],"difficulty":[136],"building":[138],"fully":[140],"annotated":[141],"database.":[142],"way,":[145],"our":[146],"semisupervised":[150],"method":[151],"that":[152],"works":[153],"iterative":[156],"way.":[157],"ultimate":[159],"goal":[160],"provide":[163],"fast,":[168],"precise":[169],"reliable":[171],"tool":[172],"evaluate":[178],"progression":[180],"response":[182],"treatment.":[184],"tested":[188],"set":[191],"manually":[195],"labeled":[196],"according":[197],"patient's":[200],"medical":[201],"record.":[202],"achieved":[204],"classification":[205,222],"sensitivity,":[206],"specificity":[207],"negative":[210],"rate":[211],"were":[212],"63%,":[213],"58%":[214],"37%,":[216],"respectively.":[217],"Comparison":[218],"other":[220],"state-of-the-art":[221],"algorithms":[223],"shows":[224],"superiority":[225],"proposed":[228],"method.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
