{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3189108517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080137","title":"Evaluation of 360\u00b0 Image Projection Formats; Comparing Format Conversion Distortion Using Objective Quality Metrics","display_name":"Evaluation of 360\u00b0 Image Projection Formats; Comparing Format Conversion Distortion Using Objective Quality Metrics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3189108517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080137","mag":"3189108517","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7080137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/137/pdf?version=1628171986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/137/pdf?version=1628171986","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101739691","display_name":"Ikram Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-6791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikram Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05006, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-6791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090900319","display_name":"Oh\u2010Jin Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-8982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oh-Jin Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05006, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9877-8982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090900319"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3879,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60761782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"8","first_page":"137","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7765519618988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.7729711532592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.6765704154968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6260706186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6188274621963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/map-projection","display_name":"Map projection","score":0.5974971055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.572579026222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4836510419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cube","display_name":"Cube (algebra)","score":0.47333887219429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4474225640296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.38109585642814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13782501220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.12240451574325562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7765519618988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.7729711532592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6765704154968262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6260706186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6188274621963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176250725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186386","display_name":"Map projection","level":2,"score":0.5974971055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.572579026222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4836510419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53051483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861555","display_name":"Cube (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.47333887219429016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4474225640296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38109585642814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13782501220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12240451574325562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7080137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/137/pdf?version=1628171986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34460774","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f21989649cb4424869ee6d51556f76b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f21989649cb4424869ee6d51556f76b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 7, Iss 8, p 137 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7438978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8404912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8404912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8404912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7080137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080137","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/8/137/pdf?version=1628171986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2202467766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189108517.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189108517.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520320366","https://openalex.org/W1976478698","https://openalex.org/W1993721485","https://openalex.org/W1998156127","https://openalex.org/W2016372193","https://openalex.org/W2030763532","https://openalex.org/W2059978765","https://openalex.org/W2059992334","https://openalex.org/W2079252242","https://openalex.org/W2103189262","https://openalex.org/W2115728367","https://openalex.org/W2120221190","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2146395539","https://openalex.org/W2245625259","https://openalex.org/W2473057289","https://openalex.org/W2493917951","https://openalex.org/W2517351156","https://openalex.org/W2519800386","https://openalex.org/W2592846100","https://openalex.org/W2604724011","https://openalex.org/W2606228994","https://openalex.org/W2612870373","https://openalex.org/W2733888878","https://openalex.org/W2765239030","https://openalex.org/W2777927197","https://openalex.org/W2781643939","https://openalex.org/W2790028689","https://openalex.org/W2793718471","https://openalex.org/W2808376865","https://openalex.org/W2870728449","https://openalex.org/W2883151411","https://openalex.org/W2884644614","https://openalex.org/W2896263878","https://openalex.org/W2904976862","https://openalex.org/W2963439135","https://openalex.org/W2964349809","https://openalex.org/W3104012987","https://openalex.org/W3118454084","https://openalex.org/W3189108517","https://openalex.org/W6677415809","https://openalex.org/W6741153810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405810791","https://openalex.org/W4283690284","https://openalex.org/W3180808905","https://openalex.org/W2405444689","https://openalex.org/W2188500270","https://openalex.org/W3216045363","https://openalex.org/W1679404763","https://openalex.org/W2038798234","https://openalex.org/W2151523571","https://openalex.org/W2080083332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently":[0],"available":[1],"360\u00b0":[2,43,52,161],"cameras":[3],"normally":[4],"capture":[5],"several":[6,126],"images":[7,20,53,122],"covering":[8],"a":[9,15,29,48,72,78,157,188],"scene":[10],"in":[11,23,81,160],"all":[12],"directions":[13],"around":[14],"shooting":[16],"point.":[17],"The":[18,84,116,134],"captured":[19],"are":[21,26,54,62,99,168,179],"spherical":[22],"nature":[24],"and":[25,95],"mapped":[27],"to":[28,64],"two-dimensional":[30],"plane":[31],"using":[32,120],"various":[33,59,87],"projection":[34,37,60,88],"methods.":[35],"Many":[36],"formats":[38,61,177],"have":[39,143],"been":[40,77],"proposed":[41],"for":[42,47,164,181,187],"videos.":[44],"However,":[45],"standards":[46],"quality":[49,141],"assessment":[50],"of":[51,68,86,109],"limited.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"compared":[63],"explore":[65],"the":[66,103,106,112,130,139,146,152,183],"problem":[67],"distortion":[69,110],"caused":[70],"by":[71],"mapping":[73],"operation,":[74],"which":[75],"has":[76],"considerable":[79],"challenge":[80],"recent":[82],"approaches.":[83],"performances":[85],"formats,":[89],"including":[90],"equi-rectangular,":[91],"equal-area,":[92],"cylindrical,":[93],"cube-map,":[94],"their":[96],"modified":[97],"versions,":[98],"evaluated":[100],"based":[101,124,137],"on":[102,125,138],"conversion":[104],"causing":[105],"least":[107],"amount":[108],"when":[111],"format":[113,150,159,166,186],"is":[114,118,151],"changed.":[115],"evaluation":[117,135],"conducted":[119],"sample":[121],"selected":[123],"attributes":[127],"that":[128,145,178],"determine":[129],"perceptual":[131],"image":[132,162,185],"quality.":[133],"results":[136],"objective":[140],"metrics":[142],"proved":[144],"hybrid":[147],"equi-angular":[148],"cube-map":[149],"most":[153],"appropriate":[154],"solution":[155],"as":[156],"common":[158],"services":[163],"where":[165],"conversions":[167],"frequently":[169],"demanded.":[170],"This":[171],"study":[172],"presents":[173],"findings":[174],"ranking":[175],"these":[176],"useful":[180],"identifying":[182],"best":[184],"future":[189],"standard.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
