{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131255761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7050084","title":"Vegetation Structure Index (VSI): Retrieving Vegetation Structural Information from Multi-Angular Satellite Remote Sensing","display_name":"Vegetation Structure Index (VSI): Retrieving Vegetation Structural Information from Multi-Angular Satellite Remote Sensing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131255761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7050084","mag":"3131255761","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7050084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7050084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/5/84/pdf?version=1620719039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/5/84/pdf?version=1620719039","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054495139","display_name":"Ram C. Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-4417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14396692","display_name":"Tokyo University of Information Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/044bdx604","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14396692"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ram C. Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 4-1 Onaridai, Wakaba-ku, Chiba 265-8501, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5706-4417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 4-1 Onaridai, Wakaba-ku, Chiba 265-8501, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14396692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054495139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14396692"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.5213,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81562416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"84","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.9204002618789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.8023694753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.7417551279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.681230366230011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroradiometer","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","score":0.679717481136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6694231033325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.6225431561470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moderate-resolution-imaging-spectroradiometer","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","score":0.611557126045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-vegetation-index","display_name":"Enhanced vegetation index","score":0.5895525217056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5037726759910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4589707553386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.45863616466522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.4564213752746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-index","display_name":"Vegetation Index","score":0.3777419626712799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.3008633255958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20974305272102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.12306022644042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09039413928985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08990240097045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08617007732391357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.9204002618789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.8023694753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.7417551279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.681230366230011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130066347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680509","display_name":"Spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.679717481136322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6694231033325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6225431561470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777007095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676840","display_name":"Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer","level":3,"score":0.611557126045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78869512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5378810","display_name":"Enhanced vegetation index","level":5,"score":0.5895525217056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5037726759910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4589707553386688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.45863616466522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.4564213752746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780376076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1499458","display_name":"Vegetation Index","level":4,"score":0.3777419626712799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.3008633255958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20974305272102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12306022644042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09039413928985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08990240097045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08617007732391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7050084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7050084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/5/84/pdf?version=1620719039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34460680","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3339dfef1e4848a2b7f05a706af7430b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3339dfef1e4848a2b7f05a706af7430b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 7, Iss 5, p 84 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8321327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8321327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7050084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7050084","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/7/5/84/pdf?version=1620719039","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131255761.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131255761.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1538806454","https://openalex.org/W1965682604","https://openalex.org/W1973786505","https://openalex.org/W1975263916","https://openalex.org/W1978283906","https://openalex.org/W1987604918","https://openalex.org/W2007497595","https://openalex.org/W2011746637","https://openalex.org/W2012760189","https://openalex.org/W2014410318","https://openalex.org/W2018798426","https://openalex.org/W2019092234","https://openalex.org/W2019248281","https://openalex.org/W2020777623","https://openalex.org/W2028496180","https://openalex.org/W2037127847","https://openalex.org/W2048294882","https://openalex.org/W2048366450","https://openalex.org/W2049024497","https://openalex.org/W2056636993","https://openalex.org/W2060196914","https://openalex.org/W2068061885","https://openalex.org/W2068195262","https://openalex.org/W2074814449","https://openalex.org/W2084091628","https://openalex.org/W2090172785","https://openalex.org/W2090626095","https://openalex.org/W2092315761","https://openalex.org/W2101960430","https://openalex.org/W2102970817","https://openalex.org/W2113724293","https://openalex.org/W2117482972","https://openalex.org/W2120634709","https://openalex.org/W2133353144","https://openalex.org/W2133506218","https://openalex.org/W2138448722","https://openalex.org/W2138685077","https://openalex.org/W2152550139","https://openalex.org/W2157164514","https://openalex.org/W2159558001","https://openalex.org/W2162625104","https://openalex.org/W2165715131","https://openalex.org/W2166897060","https://openalex.org/W2167582608","https://openalex.org/W2169309555","https://openalex.org/W2170846069","https://openalex.org/W2183656288","https://openalex.org/W2216058659","https://openalex.org/W2415727502","https://openalex.org/W2540984579","https://openalex.org/W2545169021","https://openalex.org/W2776990320","https://openalex.org/W2786794771","https://openalex.org/W2899308275","https://openalex.org/W2974989020","https://openalex.org/W3085968088","https://openalex.org/W6667371603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348693871","https://openalex.org/W2565705615","https://openalex.org/W2171182724","https://openalex.org/W2138666440","https://openalex.org/W4303980425","https://openalex.org/W2081538989","https://openalex.org/W2156260485","https://openalex.org/W2890917258","https://openalex.org/W2104982938","https://openalex.org/W3152034631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Utilization":[0],"of":[1,18,24,33,41,51,71,89,98,110,172,181,195,204],"the":[2,12,19,22,31,39,49,58,69,72,90,99,104,107,111,118,121,128,134,149,160,164,173,178,182,193,196,201,215,232,247],"Bidirectional":[3],"Reflectance":[4],"Distribution":[5],"Function":[6],"(BRDF)":[7],"model":[8],"parameters":[9],"obtained":[10],"from":[11,44,246],"multi-angular":[13,34,63,100,122,130,248],"remote":[14,250],"sensing":[15],"is":[16],"one":[17],"approaches":[20],"for":[21,48,191,213,242],"retrieval":[23,50],"vegetation":[25,35,64,101,123,131,244],"structural":[26],"information.":[27],"In":[28,199],"this":[29],"research,":[30,161],"potential":[32],"indices,":[36,132],"formulated":[37],"by":[38,68,231],"combination":[40],"multi-spectral":[42],"reflectance":[43,113],"different":[45],"view":[46],"angles,":[47],"forest":[52,216],"above-ground":[53,105,115,150,174,197],"biomass":[54],"was":[55,208],"assessed":[56],"in":[57,159,163],"New":[59],"England":[60],"region.":[61],"The":[62,87,152,227],"indices":[65,102,124],"were":[66,125,222],"generated":[67],"simulation":[70],"Moderate":[73],"Resolution":[74],"Imaging":[75],"Spectroradiometer":[76],"(MODIS)":[77],"BRDF/Albedo":[78],"Model":[79],"Parameters":[80],"Product":[81],"(MCD43A1":[82],"Version":[83],"6)-based":[84],"BRDF":[85],"parameters.":[86],"effects":[88],"seasonal":[91,205,220],"(spring,":[92],"summer,":[93],"autumn,":[94],"and":[95,117,138,168,185],"winter)":[96],"composites":[97],"on":[103],"biomass,":[106,116,175,217],"angular":[108],"relationship":[109,144],"spectral":[112,183],"with":[114,148],"interrelationships":[119],"between":[120],"analyzed.":[126],"Among":[127],"existing":[129],"only":[133],"Nadir":[135],"BRDF-adjusted":[136],"NDVI":[137,141],"Hot-spot":[139],"incorporated":[140],"showed":[142],"significant":[143],"(more":[145],"than":[146],"50%)":[147],"biomass.":[151,198],"Vegetation":[153],"Structure":[154],"Index":[155],"(VSI),":[156],"newly":[157],"proposed":[158],"performed":[162],"most":[165],"efficient":[166],"way":[167],"explained":[169],"64%":[170],"variation":[171],"suggesting":[176],"that":[177,235],"right":[179,202],"choice":[180,203],"channel":[184],"observation":[186],"geometry":[187],"should":[188],"be":[189,211,238],"considered":[190],"improving":[192],"estimates":[194],"addition,":[200],"data":[206,221],"(summer)":[207],"found":[209],"to":[210],"important":[212],"estimating":[214],"while":[218],"other":[219],"either":[223],"insensitive":[224],"or":[225],"pointless.":[226],"promising":[228],"results":[229],"shown":[230],"VSI":[233],"suggest":[234],"it":[236],"could":[237],"an":[239],"appropriate":[240],"candidate":[241],"monitoring":[243],"structure":[245],"satellite":[249],"sensing.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}