{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136868598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7030060","title":"An Ontological Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of \u2018Radicalization\u2019 (OFEDR)\u2014A Three World Perspective","display_name":"An Ontological Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of \u2018Radicalization\u2019 (OFEDR)\u2014A Three World Perspective","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136868598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7030060","mag":"3136868598","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7030060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7030060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7030060","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059617376","display_name":"Linda Wendelberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-469X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda Wendelberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059617376"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.2753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89878064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"60","last_page":"60"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12521","display_name":"Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radicalization","display_name":"Radicalization","score":0.8601919412612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.8137309551239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5847010612487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.46245077252388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.43715229630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.39727258682250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24595722556114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"Terrorism","score":0.20655781030654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.18266290426254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1301977038383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.08506447076797485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3416483","display_name":"Radicalization","level":3,"score":0.8601919412612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.8137309551239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5847010612487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46245077252388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.43715229630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.39727258682250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24595722556114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.20655781030654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.18266290426254272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1301977038383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08506447076797485}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7030060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7030060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34460716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59cfb4c50af045cb8067ff86997c0357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59cfb4c50af045cb8067ff86997c0357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 7, Iss 3, p 60 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2734947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2734947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"27","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8321290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8321290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging7030060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7030060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75345608","https://openalex.org/W79904912","https://openalex.org/W173751934","https://openalex.org/W199775215","https://openalex.org/W624573364","https://openalex.org/W655555875","https://openalex.org/W1493980494","https://openalex.org/W1602803263","https://openalex.org/W1654805921","https://openalex.org/W1798826877","https://openalex.org/W1976268535","https://openalex.org/W1987559404","https://openalex.org/W1990758701","https://openalex.org/W1991644096","https://openalex.org/W2008806637","https://openalex.org/W2013241606","https://openalex.org/W2019673313","https://openalex.org/W2023504382","https://openalex.org/W2025537960","https://openalex.org/W2037047859","https://openalex.org/W2051274808","https://openalex.org/W2055550544","https://openalex.org/W2061226443","https://openalex.org/W2063275932","https://openalex.org/W2073045674","https://openalex.org/W2075490423","https://openalex.org/W2087340857","https://openalex.org/W2090718524","https://openalex.org/W2095792182","https://openalex.org/W2097567768","https://openalex.org/W2103543445","https://openalex.org/W2107184226","https://openalex.org/W2113704579","https://openalex.org/W2113855662","https://openalex.org/W2125456205","https://openalex.org/W2132232128","https://openalex.org/W2136661408","https://openalex.org/W2137966626","https://openalex.org/W2138012250","https://openalex.org/W2140369012","https://openalex.org/W2146882126","https://openalex.org/W2152258305","https://openalex.org/W2153803020","https://openalex.org/W2157138701","https://openalex.org/W2159316671","https://openalex.org/W2163455894","https://openalex.org/W2261812172","https://openalex.org/W2299775049","https://openalex.org/W2338932901","https://openalex.org/W2398206780","https://openalex.org/W2510107058","https://openalex.org/W2518732252","https://openalex.org/W2533152767","https://openalex.org/W2579043212","https://openalex.org/W2592704271","https://openalex.org/W2593267620","https://openalex.org/W2607488845","https://openalex.org/W2643238975","https://openalex.org/W2650175097","https://openalex.org/W2727498854","https://openalex.org/W2742354204","https://openalex.org/W2755070393","https://openalex.org/W2773934294","https://openalex.org/W2792365086","https://openalex.org/W2810450038","https://openalex.org/W2885090919","https://openalex.org/W2887637297","https://openalex.org/W2898031839","https://openalex.org/W2900175058","https://openalex.org/W2902606625","https://openalex.org/W2903352281","https://openalex.org/W2915509539","https://openalex.org/W2938676042","https://openalex.org/W2939671131","https://openalex.org/W2940480672","https://openalex.org/W2942331040","https://openalex.org/W2945259913","https://openalex.org/W2993541901","https://openalex.org/W3003603116","https://openalex.org/W3014013495","https://openalex.org/W3022567031","https://openalex.org/W3028132206","https://openalex.org/W3091825308","https://openalex.org/W3121915425","https://openalex.org/W3122981329","https://openalex.org/W4234140467","https://openalex.org/W4255324067","https://openalex.org/W4293690910","https://openalex.org/W4300694029","https://openalex.org/W6635949899","https://openalex.org/W6644339614","https://openalex.org/W6648202464","https://openalex.org/W6675704244","https://openalex.org/W6682373974","https://openalex.org/W6734549589","https://openalex.org/W6761734624","https://openalex.org/W6762440382","https://openalex.org/W6777043936","https://openalex.org/W6830634136","https://openalex.org/W6959682271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946271828","https://openalex.org/W2169368313","https://openalex.org/W4390114589","https://openalex.org/W2063717240","https://openalex.org/W4220869003","https://openalex.org/W2066706785","https://openalex.org/W2573033159","https://openalex.org/W3186852720","https://openalex.org/W2472046875","https://openalex.org/W3135790446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,171],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,133,210,246],"ontology":[4,35,64,116,184,247],"that":[5,71,114,158,173,203,245],"involves":[6],"using":[7,153,235],"information":[8],"from":[9,12],"various":[10],"sources":[11],"different":[13],"disciplines":[14],"and":[15,103,144,231],"combining":[16],"it":[17],"in":[18,27,44,165,254],"order":[19],"to":[20,37,48,52,68,74,101,121,177,194],"predict":[21],"whether":[22],"a":[23,28,141,147,196,206,217,250],"given":[24],"person":[25],"is":[26,36,99,243],"radicalization":[29,43,58,76,82,230],"process.":[30],"The":[31,63,84,107],"purpose":[32],"of":[33,42,57,137,160,181,189,199,205,213,222,229],"the":[34,39,50,54,89,96,105,115,174,220,255],"improve":[38],"early":[40,227],"detection":[41,135],"persons,":[45],"thereby":[46],"contributing":[47],"increasing":[49],"extent":[51],"which":[53,109],"unwanted":[55],"escalation":[56],"processes":[59],"can":[60],"be":[61],"prevented.":[62],"combines":[65],"findings":[66],"related":[67,73],"existential":[69,128],"anxiety":[70],"are":[72],"political":[75],"with":[77],"well-known":[78],"criminal":[79],"profiles":[80],"or":[81],"findings.":[83],"software":[85],"Prot\u00e9g\u00e9,":[86],"delivered":[87],"by":[88,152,234],"technical":[90],"field":[91],"at":[92,190],"Stanford":[93],"University,":[94],"including":[95,139],"SPARQL":[97,130],"tab,":[98],"used":[100],"develop":[102],"test":[104,149],"ontology.":[106],"testing,":[108],"involved":[110],"five":[111],"models,":[112],"showed":[113,132],"could":[117],"detect":[118],"individuals":[119],"according":[120],"\"risk":[122],"profiles\"":[123],"for":[124,238],"subjects":[125,223],"based":[126,208],"on":[127,146,209],"anxiety.":[129],"queries":[131],"average":[134],"probability":[136,207,236],"5%":[138],"only":[140],"risk":[142,185,212],"population":[143],"2%":[145],"whole":[148],"population.":[150],"Testing":[151],"machine":[154],"learning":[155],"algorithms":[156],"proved":[157],"inclusion":[159],"less":[161],"than":[162],"four":[163,192],"variables":[164,193],"each":[166],"model":[167,186],"produced":[168],"unreliable":[169],"results.":[170],"suggest":[172],"Ontology":[175],"Framework":[176],"Facilitate":[178],"Early":[179],"Detection":[180],"'Radicalization'":[182],"(OFEDR)":[183],"should":[187],"consist":[188],"least":[191],"reach":[195],"certain":[197],"level":[198],"reliability.":[200],"Analysis":[201],"shows":[202],"use":[204],"estimated":[211],"terrorism":[214],"may":[215],"produce":[216],"gap":[218],"between":[219],"number":[221],"who":[224],"actually":[225],"have":[226],"signs":[228],"those":[232],"found":[233],"estimates":[237],"extremely":[239],"rare":[240],"events.":[241],"It":[242],"reasoned":[244],"exists":[248],"as":[249],"world":[251],"three":[252],"object":[253],"real":[256],"world.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}