{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083913508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090091","title":"On the Use of Deep Active Semi-Supervised Learning for Fast Rendering in Global Illumination","display_name":"On the Use of Deep Active Semi-Supervised Learning for Fast Rendering in Global Illumination","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083913508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090091","mag":"3083913508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging6090091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090091","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/91/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/91/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013968306","display_name":"Ibtissam Constantin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4252-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160368002","display_name":"Lebanese University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x6qnc69","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160368002"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibtissam Constantin","raw_affiliation_strings":["LaRRIS, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, BP 90656 Jdeidet, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4252-0819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LaRRIS, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, BP 90656 Jdeidet, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160368002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039463595","display_name":"Joseph Constantin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7911-1218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160368002","display_name":"Lebanese University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x6qnc69","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160368002"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Constantin","raw_affiliation_strings":["LaRRIS, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, BP 90656 Jdeidet, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7911-1218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LaRRIS, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, BP 90656 Jdeidet, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160368002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056859585","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Bigand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3165-5363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802487185","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du littoral c\u00f4te d'opale","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcg342","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802487185"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Bigand","raw_affiliation_strings":["LISIC, University of Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale (ULCO), Calais, BP 719, 62228 Calais CEDEX, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LISIC, University of Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale (ULCO), Calais, BP 719, 62228 Calais CEDEX, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802487185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056859585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802487185"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3833,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61399198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"9","first_page":"91","last_page":"91"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8505237102508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6675786972045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6018929481506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5755164623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-illumination","display_name":"Global illumination","score":0.5568834543228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5568307638168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5340470671653748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5093580484390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.48820215463638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.475604385137558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3445722460746765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8505237102508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6675786972045898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6018929481506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5755164623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89720835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531701","display_name":"Global illumination","level":3,"score":0.5568834543228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5568307638168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5340470671653748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5093580484390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.48820215463638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.475604385137558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3445722460746765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging6090091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090091","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/91/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34460748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03107416v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03107416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, 2020, 6 (9), pp.91. ⟨10.3390/jimaging6090091⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e175a0dcd82941e4a2fd8570c26227d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e175a0dcd82941e4a2fd8570c26227d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 6, Iss 9, p 91 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8321082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8321082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging6090091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090091","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/91/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42232744","https://openalex.org/W44558019","https://openalex.org/W61851215","https://openalex.org/W606463737","https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1546820750","https://openalex.org/W1907223193","https://openalex.org/W1948311811","https://openalex.org/W1967260758","https://openalex.org/W1976867134","https://openalex.org/W1984989304","https://openalex.org/W1986633584","https://openalex.org/W1988714027","https://openalex.org/W1993691981","https://openalex.org/W2021762618","https://openalex.org/W2031957052","https://openalex.org/W2057286787","https://openalex.org/W2058237598","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2063658831","https://openalex.org/W2077708435","https://openalex.org/W2085394812","https://openalex.org/W2109731872","https://openalex.org/W2118103965","https://openalex.org/W2127499922","https://openalex.org/W2128733372","https://openalex.org/W2133556223","https://openalex.org/W2134407631","https://openalex.org/W2139573966","https://openalex.org/W2150082466","https://openalex.org/W2158412433","https://openalex.org/W2159590695","https://openalex.org/W2160387688","https://openalex.org/W2168728412","https://openalex.org/W2257275871","https://openalex.org/W2335232874","https://openalex.org/W2396338919","https://openalex.org/W2550927680","https://openalex.org/W2602017824","https://openalex.org/W2620069838","https://openalex.org/W2764111706","https://openalex.org/W2907397558","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2952229419","https://openalex.org/W2954276933","https://openalex.org/W2968718498","https://openalex.org/W2981952041","https://openalex.org/W3028629919","https://openalex.org/W3035463153","https://openalex.org/W3102733987","https://openalex.org/W3148060700","https://openalex.org/W4238491817","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300918528","https://openalex.org/W6623329352","https://openalex.org/W6676715715","https://openalex.org/W6683359021","https://openalex.org/W6683476754","https://openalex.org/W6757712216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397912953","https://openalex.org/W2124439461","https://openalex.org/W2367434614","https://openalex.org/W2099004500","https://openalex.org/W4206603469","https://openalex.org/W4388994528","https://openalex.org/W2077708435","https://openalex.org/W4376115546","https://openalex.org/W1992884771","https://openalex.org/W4281488350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolution":[0],"neural":[1,72],"networks":[2],"usually":[3],"require":[4],"large":[5],"labeled":[6,43],"data-sets":[7],"to":[8,74,79,201],"construct":[9],"accurate":[10],"models.":[11,172],"However,":[12],"in":[13,82,109,221],"many":[14],"real-world":[15],"scenarios,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,199],"global":[19,86,132],"illumination,":[20],"labeling":[21,76],"data":[22],"are":[23,95,129],"a":[24,41,46,62],"time-consuming":[25],"and":[26,45,68,78,150,167,227],"costly":[27],"human":[28,141],"intelligent":[29],"task.":[30],"Semi-supervised":[31],"learning":[32,152,171,176],"methods":[33],"leverage":[34],"this":[35,53],"issue":[36],"by":[37,177],"making":[38],"use":[39,191],"of":[40,49,61,84,92,104,120,124,182,195,205,223],"small":[42],"data-set":[44],"larger":[47],"set":[48],"unlabeled":[50],"data.":[51],"In":[52],"paper,":[54],"our":[55,186,215],"contributions":[56],"focus":[57],"on":[58,131],"the":[59,89,98,102,117,144,151,179,192,196,203,206],"development":[60],"robust":[63],"algorithm":[64],"that":[65,214],"combines":[66],"active":[67],"deep":[69,170],"semi-supervised":[70],"convolution":[71,180,197],"network":[73],"reduce":[75],"workload":[77],"accelerate":[80],"convergence":[81],"case":[83],"real-time":[85],"illumination.":[87],"While":[88],"theoretical":[90],"concepts":[91],"photo-realistic":[93],"rendering":[94],"well":[96],"understood,":[97],"increased":[99,114],"need":[100],"for":[101],"delivery":[103],"highly":[105],"dynamic":[106],"interactive":[107],"content":[108],"vast":[110],"virtual":[111],"environments":[112],"has":[113,161],"recently.":[115],"Particularly,":[116],"quality":[118,154],"measure":[119],"computer-generated":[121],"images":[122],"is":[123],"great":[125],"importance.":[126],"The":[127,210],"experiments":[128],"conducted":[130],"illumination":[133],"scenes":[134],"which":[135],"contain":[136],"diverse":[137],"distortions.":[138],"Compared":[139],"with":[140,165],"psycho-visual":[142],"thresholds,":[143],"good":[145],"consistency":[146],"between":[147],"these":[148,183],"thresholds":[149],"models":[153,184],"measures":[155],"can":[156],"been":[157,163],"seen.":[158],"A":[159],"comparison":[160],"also":[162],"made":[164],"SVM":[166],"other":[168],"state-of-the-art":[169],"We":[173],"do":[174],"transfer":[175],"running":[178],"base":[181,198],"over":[185],"image":[187],"set.":[188],"Then,":[189],"we":[190],"output":[193],"features":[194],"input":[200],"retrain":[202],"parameters":[204],"fully":[207],"connected":[208],"layer.":[209],"obtained":[211],"results":[212],"show":[213],"proposed":[216],"method":[217],"provides":[218],"promising":[219],"efficiency":[220],"terms":[222],"precision,":[224],"time":[225],"complexity,":[226],"optimal":[228],"architecture.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}