{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3083658644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090089","title":"An Experimental Comparison between Deep Learning and Classical Machine Learning Approaches for Writer Identification in Medieval Documents","display_name":"An Experimental Comparison between Deep Learning and Classical Machine Learning Approaches for Writer Identification in Medieval Documents","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3083658644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090089","mag":"3083658644","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging6090089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/89/pdf?version=1599546766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/89/pdf?version=1599546766","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024731306","display_name":"Nicole Dalia Cilia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9631-5802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Dalia Cilia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057804135","display_name":"Claudio De Stefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-6849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio De Stefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-6849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061447464","display_name":"Francesco Fontanella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3242-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Fontanella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3242-0179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087449376","display_name":"Claudio Marrocco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-7350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Marrocco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-7350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042992044","display_name":"Mario Molinara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-0654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Molinara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6144-0654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072304117","display_name":"Alessandra Scotto di Freca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-3555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186995768","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale","ror":"https://ror.org/04nxkaq16","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra Scotto di Freca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-3555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \u201cMaurizio Scarano\u201d, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering \"Maurizio Scarano\", University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061447464"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186995768"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.1769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8145793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"9","first_page":"89","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8190268874168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palaeography","display_name":"Palaeography","score":0.7497079968452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6251887083053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5213119387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5016155242919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.48926684260368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4688146114349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4451884329319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4362823963165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4045005440711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11180108785629272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8190268874168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60940604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179957","display_name":"Palaeography","level":2,"score":0.7497079968452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6251887083053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5213119387626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5016155242919922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.48926684260368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4688146114349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4451884329319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4362823963165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4045005440711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11180108785629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging6090089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/89/pdf?version=1599546766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34460746","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34460746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3947aa03f7da4e0da1979fabcb96e83d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3947aa03f7da4e0da1979fabcb96e83d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 6, Iss 9, p 89 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8321143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8321143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging6090089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/9/89/pdf?version=1599546766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1843889522","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1955815912","https://openalex.org/W2005271516","https://openalex.org/W2036163996","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2118377301","https://openalex.org/W2170737087","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2233768432","https://openalex.org/W2255846051","https://openalex.org/W2271928628","https://openalex.org/W2328840452","https://openalex.org/W2592629457","https://openalex.org/W2782578088","https://openalex.org/W2796438033","https://openalex.org/W2797800583","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2977638463","https://openalex.org/W2990017353","https://openalex.org/W2990024321","https://openalex.org/W2998245329","https://openalex.org/W3006438928","https://openalex.org/W3007001824","https://openalex.org/W3030179783","https://openalex.org/W3035503061","https://openalex.org/W3035558131","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4249594181","https://openalex.org/W6640335088","https://openalex.org/W6772614301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384782556","https://openalex.org/W2146172319","https://openalex.org/W2610378165","https://openalex.org/W2283456053","https://openalex.org/W2313439480","https://openalex.org/W2189510936","https://openalex.org/W2762845916","https://openalex.org/W4239735728","https://openalex.org/W1503460298","https://openalex.org/W4249723002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,149],"the":[1,5,19,25,42,53,64,69,84,88,129,144,160,170,213,244,279,306,315,330,355],"framework":[2],"of":[3,7,21,27,41,55,90,146,162,173,185,196,215,246,252,267,273,317,321,357],"palaeography,":[4],"availability":[6],"both":[8],"effective":[9,56],"image":[10],"analysis":[11,145],"algorithms,":[12],"and":[13,30,101,126,288,344],"high-quality":[14],"digital":[15,322],"images":[16,323],"has":[17,31,153],"favored":[18],"development":[20],"new":[22,33],"applications":[23],"for":[24,35,143,169,230,236,263],"study":[26,217],"ancient":[28,91,147,174],"manuscripts":[29],"provided":[32,44],"tools":[34],"decision-making":[36],"support":[37],"systems.":[38,360],"The":[39,103,271,310],"quality":[40],"results":[43,281,312],"by":[45,52,294,301,336],"such":[46],"applications,":[47],"however,":[48],"is":[49,72,77,105,108,128,178,218,276,286,292,299],"strongly":[50],"influenced":[51],"selection":[54],"features,":[57],"which":[58,68],"should":[59],"be":[60,120],"able":[61],"to":[62,67,80,83,111,119,137,182,193,219,277,314,353],"capture":[63],"distinctive":[65],"aspects":[66],"paleography":[70],"expert":[71],"interested":[73],"in.":[74],"This":[75,176,333],"process":[76],"very":[78,109],"difficult":[79,110],"generalize":[81],"due":[82,181],"enormous":[85],"variability":[86],"in":[87,94,123,159,258,341,345],"type":[89],"documents,":[92],"produced":[93,335],"different":[95,99,342,346],"historical":[96],"periods":[97,343],"with":[98,250],"languages":[100],"styles.":[102],"effect":[104],"that":[106,115,251,266],"it":[107,298],"define":[112],"standard":[113],"techniques":[114,163],"are":[116],"general":[117,228],"enough":[118],"effectively":[121],"used":[122,300],"any":[124,205],"case,":[125],"this":[127,216,240,274,290],"reason":[130],"why":[131],"ad-hoc":[132],"systems,":[133,190],"generally":[134],"designed":[135,142],"according":[136],"paleographers'":[138],"suggestions,":[139],"have":[140],"been":[141,154],"manuscripts.":[148],"recent":[150],"years,":[151],"there":[152],"a":[155,206,227,247,253,259,318,349],"growing":[156],"scientific":[157],"interest":[158,177],"use":[161,316],"based":[164],"on":[165],"deep":[166],"learning":[167,234,256,303],"(DL)":[168],"automatic":[171],"processing":[172],"documents.":[175],"not":[179],"only":[180],"their":[183,194],"capability":[184],"designing":[186,232],"high-performance":[187],"pattern":[188],"recognition":[189],"but":[191],"also":[192],"ability":[195],"automatically":[197,231],"extracting":[198],"features":[199],"from":[200,210,325],"raw":[201],"data,":[202],"without":[203],"using":[204],"priori":[207],"knowledge.":[208],"Moving":[209],"these":[211],"considerations,":[212],"aim":[214],"verify":[220],"if":[221],"DL-based":[222,248],"approaches":[223],"may":[224],"actually":[225],"represent":[226],"methodology":[229],"machine":[233,255,302],"systems":[235],"palaeography":[237],"applications.":[238],"To":[239],"purpose,":[241],"we":[242],"compared":[243],"performance":[245],"approach":[249],"\"classical\"":[254],"one,":[257],"particularly":[260],"unfavorable":[261],"case":[262],"DL,":[264],"namely":[265],"highly":[268],"standardized":[269],"schools.":[270],"rationale":[272],"choice":[275],"compare":[278],"obtainable":[280],"even":[282],"when":[283],"context":[284],"information":[285,291],"present":[287],"discriminating:":[289],"ignored":[293],"DL":[295],"approaches,":[296],"while":[297],"methods,":[304],"making":[305],"comparison":[307],"more":[308],"significant.":[309],"experimental":[311],"refer":[313],"large":[319],"sets":[320],"extracted":[324],"an":[326],"entire":[327],"12th-century":[328],"Bibles,":[329],"\"Avila":[331],"Bible\".":[332],"manuscript,":[334],"several":[337],"scribes":[338],"who":[339],"worked":[340],"places,":[347],"represents":[348],"severe":[350],"test":[351],"bed":[352],"evaluate":[354],"efficiency":[356],"scribe":[358],"identification":[359]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}