{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2762336582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3040046","title":"Computationally Efficient Robust Color Image Watermarking Using Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform","display_name":"Computationally Efficient Robust Color Image Watermarking Using Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2762336582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3040046","mag":"2762336582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging3040046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3040046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/4/46/pdf?version=1507898553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/4/46/pdf?version=1507898553","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085607334","display_name":"Suja Kalarikkal Pullayikodi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47818738","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suja Kalarikkal Pullayikodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066028381","display_name":"Naser Tarhuni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-8168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47818738","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Tarhuni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112368056","display_name":"Afaq Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47818738","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afaq Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070539054","display_name":"Fahad Bait Shiginah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47818738","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Shiginah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085607334"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3641,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6924104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"46","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9229757785797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadamard-transform","display_name":"Hadamard transform","score":0.8112488985061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8080911636352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6503044366836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6122868061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadamard-code","display_name":"Hadamard code","score":0.5734441876411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48275822401046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copy-protection","display_name":"Copy protection","score":0.4387955367565155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.4117794632911682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4037284851074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39819207787513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.3459334373474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3355122208595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32993948459625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.30392563343048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14480045437812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11744114756584167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9229757785797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60292330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014065","display_name":"Hadamard transform","level":2,"score":0.8112488985061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8080911636352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6503044366836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6122868061065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26693338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567339","display_name":"Hadamard code","level":3,"score":0.5734441876411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48275822401046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780581891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15738686","display_name":"Copy protection","level":4,"score":0.4387955367565155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.4117794632911682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4037284851074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39819207787513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.3459334373474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3355122208595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32993948459625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30392563343048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14480045437812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11744114756584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging3040046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3040046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/4/46/pdf?version=1507898553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c8f412a4b7e249bd85ac68f29bec40e6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c8f412a4b7e249bd85ac68f29bec40e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 3, Iss 4, p 46 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging3040046","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3040046","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/4/46/pdf?version=1507898553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2762336582.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2762336582.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493985285","https://openalex.org/W1605249313","https://openalex.org/W1917257056","https://openalex.org/W2003842237","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2119349413","https://openalex.org/W2152832589","https://openalex.org/W2156590647","https://openalex.org/W2157242065","https://openalex.org/W2166674426","https://openalex.org/W2184823086","https://openalex.org/W2185085425","https://openalex.org/W2202495390","https://openalex.org/W2277315276","https://openalex.org/W2316484998","https://openalex.org/W2545226894","https://openalex.org/W2562845039","https://openalex.org/W4230321389","https://openalex.org/W6636187614","https://openalex.org/W6686305061","https://openalex.org/W6730961866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967073369","https://openalex.org/W2080497454","https://openalex.org/W2281180546","https://openalex.org/W2066318882","https://openalex.org/W2136824285","https://openalex.org/W1597034200","https://openalex.org/W2108162790","https://openalex.org/W2962913460","https://openalex.org/W2151734654","https://openalex.org/W2130080030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Watermark":[0],"is":[1,12,75,125,140],"the":[2,8,30,34,78,95,111,114,119,122,137,146],"copy":[3],"deterrence":[4],"mechanism":[5],"used":[6,39],"in":[7,40,93],"multimedia":[9],"signal":[10,32,148],"that":[11,23],"to":[13,118],"be":[14,27,38],"protected":[15],"from":[16,29],"hacking":[17],"and":[18,50,81,84,105,129,142,150],"piracy":[19],"such":[20,43],"a":[21,56],"way":[22],"it":[24],"can":[25,37],"later":[26],"extracted":[28],"watermarked":[31],"by":[33],"decoder.":[35],"Watermarking":[36],"various":[41],"applications":[42],"as":[44],"authentication,":[45],"video":[46],"indexing,":[47],"copyright":[48],"protection":[49],"access":[51],"control.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper":[55,91],"new":[57],"CDMA":[58],"(Code":[59],"Division":[60],"Multiple":[61],"Access)":[62],"based":[63],"robust":[64,141],"watermarking":[65,115],"algorithm":[66],"using":[67],"customized":[68],"8":[69,71],"\u00d7":[70],"Walsh":[72],"Hadamard":[73],"Transform,":[74],"proposed":[76,123,138],"for":[77,134],"color":[79],"images":[80],"detailed":[82],"performance":[83,112],"robustness":[85],"analysis":[86],"have":[87],"been":[88],"performed.":[89],"The":[90],"studies":[92],"detail":[94],"effect":[96],"of":[97,102,107,113,145],"spreading":[98,103,108],"code":[99],"length,":[100],"number":[101],"codes":[104,109],"type":[106],"on":[110],"system.":[116],"Compared":[117],"existing":[120],"techniques":[121],"scheme":[124,139],"computationally":[126],"more":[127],"efficient":[128],"consumes":[130],"much":[131],"less":[132],"time":[133],"execution.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"survives":[143],"most":[144],"common":[147],"processing":[149],"geometric":[151],"attacks.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2017-10-20T00:00:00"}
