{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2753759681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3030037","title":"Enhancing Face Identification Using Local Binary Patterns and K-Nearest Neighbors","display_name":"Enhancing Face Identification Using Local Binary Patterns and K-Nearest Neighbors","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2753759681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3030037","mag":"2753759681"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging3030037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3030037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/3/37/pdf?version=1504579839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/3/37/pdf?version=1504579839","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051407616","display_name":"Idelette Kambi Beli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2723-6761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Idelette Kambi Beli","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062010713","display_name":"Chunsheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5965-7133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunsheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051407616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.1833,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87313505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"37","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.8706673383712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7633814811706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.744924783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6844028830528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6586748361587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.625644326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6200737953186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5623006820678711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.53269362449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.525601863861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-recognition-grand-challenge","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","score":0.502037763595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49604639410972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4741746187210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.46430709958076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.45252859592437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.44746431708335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.4259328246116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.2929307818412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27415722608566284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.10875493288040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08786073327064514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.8706673383712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7633814811706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.744924783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6844028830528259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6586748361587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.625644326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6200737953186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5623006820678711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.53269362449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.525601863861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191070858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428343","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","level":5,"score":0.502037763595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49604639410972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4741746187210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.46430709958076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.45252859592437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.44746431708335876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.4259328246116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.2929307818412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27415722608566284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.10875493288040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08786073327064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging3030037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3030037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/3/37/pdf?version=1504579839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f121b4af20b3492ead690b4c19c46412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f121b4af20b3492ead690b4c19c46412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 3, Iss 3, p 37 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging3030037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging3030037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/3/3/37/pdf?version=1504579839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2753759681.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2753759681.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1622838444","https://openalex.org/W1957557007","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2044163920","https://openalex.org/W2062290766","https://openalex.org/W2112343618","https://openalex.org/W2157439590","https://openalex.org/W2316366097","https://openalex.org/W2426231014","https://openalex.org/W2486556835","https://openalex.org/W2509301949","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2612786451","https://openalex.org/W6665951457","https://openalex.org/W6682588271","https://openalex.org/W6725434454","https://openalex.org/W6737949934"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127800163","https://openalex.org/W2509301949","https://openalex.org/W4313044563","https://openalex.org/W2545349559","https://openalex.org/W3104910122","https://openalex.org/W2918845005","https://openalex.org/W1986803802","https://openalex.org/W2892944782","https://openalex.org/W2069420084","https://openalex.org/W2041800626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,69,150],"human":[1,16],"face":[2,17,84,139,161],"plays":[3],"an":[4,78],"important":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,30,50,146],"our":[8,72],"social":[9],"interaction,":[10],"conveying":[11],"people\u2019s":[12],"identity.":[13,68],"Using":[14],"the":[15,31,129,142,147],"as":[18,93],"a":[19,40],"key":[20],"to":[21,36,62,66,76,82],"security,":[22],"biometric":[23],"passwords":[24],"technology":[25],"has":[26,125],"received":[27],"significant":[28],"attention":[29],"past":[32],"several":[33],"years":[34],"due":[35],"its":[37],"potential":[38],"for":[39,112,120],"wide":[41],"variety":[42],"of":[43,71,90],"applications.":[44],"Faces":[45,145],"can":[46],"have":[47],"many":[48],"variations":[49,89],"appearance":[51],"(aging,":[52],"facial":[53,113],"expression,":[54],"illumination,":[55,95],"inaccurate":[56],"alignment":[57],"and":[58,96,137,141,157],"pose)":[59],"which":[60],"continue":[61],"cause":[63],"poor":[64],"ability":[65],"recognize":[67],"purpose":[70],"research":[73],"work":[74],"is":[75],"provide":[77],"approach":[79],"that":[80],"contributes":[81],"resolve":[83],"identification":[85,152],"issues":[86],"with":[87],"large":[88],"parameters":[91],"such":[92],"pose,":[94],"expression.":[97],"For":[98],"provable":[99],"outcomes,":[100],"we":[101],"combined":[102],"two":[103],"algorithms:":[104],"(a)":[105],"robustness":[106],"local":[107],"binary":[108],"pattern":[109],"(LBP),":[110],"used":[111],"feature":[114,166],"extractions;":[115],"(b)":[116],"k-nearest":[117],"neighbor":[118],"(K-NN)":[119],"image":[121],"classifications.":[122],"Our":[123],"experiment":[124],"been":[126],"conducted":[127],"on":[128,165],"CMU":[130],"PIE":[131],"(Carnegie":[132],"Mellon":[133],"University":[134],"Pose,":[135],"Illumination,":[136],"Expression)":[138],"database":[140],"LFW":[143],"(Labeled":[144],"Wild)":[148],"dataset.":[149],"proposed":[151],"system":[153],"shows":[154],"higher":[155],"performance,":[156],"also":[158],"provides":[159],"successful":[160],"similarity":[162],"measures":[163],"focus":[164],"extractions.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}