{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163924021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060254","title":"Segmentation-Free Preoperative 3D MRI Classification of Low-Grade Versus High-Grade Glioma Using Task-Oriented Neural Architecture Search","display_name":"Segmentation-Free Preoperative 3D MRI Classification of Low-Grade Versus High-Grade Glioma Using Task-Oriented Neural Architecture Search","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163924021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060254","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42346917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12060254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060254","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119816138","display_name":"Christos Ch. Andrianos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Ch. Andrianos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5073-8531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070429955","display_name":"Spiros Kostopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-2502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spiros A. Kostopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-2502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040934169","display_name":"Ioannis Kalatzis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2192-3520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis K. Kalatzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2192-3520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045628801","display_name":"Dimitris Glotsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-4055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Th. Glotsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-4055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051524490","display_name":"Pantelis A. Asvestas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-0909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pantelis A. Asvestas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-0909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138189857","display_name":"Dionisis A. Cavouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-5256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dionisis A. Cavouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-5256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084262707","display_name":"Emmanouil Athanasiadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-5562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanouil I. Athanasiadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-5562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Image and Signal Processing Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65489079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"254","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.552299976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.552299976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2716","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.30090001225471497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.05339999869465828,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluid-attenuated-inversion-recovery","display_name":"Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery","score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6504999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.435699999332428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7900999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7188000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7037000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101070640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737215","display_name":"Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery","level":3,"score":0.6818000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6504999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4383000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778227246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365309","display_name":"Glioma","level":2,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12060254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42346917","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42346917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13301297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13301297/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13301297/pdf/jimaging-12-00254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4db7936bd2794530b795560561cba2a5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4db7936bd2794530b795560561cba2a5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 254 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12060254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G128741023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331440","funder_display_name":"University of West Attica"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331440","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gliomas":[0],"constitute":[1],"the":[2,193],"majority":[3],"of":[4],"primary":[5],"brain":[6],"tumors,":[7],"and":[8,75,114,123,157,204],"accurate":[9],"diagnosis":[10,20],"through":[11,51],"MRI":[12,71],"is":[13,42],"essential":[14],"for":[15,34,200,206],"patient":[16],"management.":[17],"Existing":[18],"computer-aided":[19],"approaches":[21],"frequently":[22],"rely":[23],"on":[24,62,176],"tumor":[25,180],"segmentation":[26,183],"frameworks.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"study,":[30],"a":[31,45,63,87,93,143],"segmentation-independent":[32],"framework":[33],"volumetric":[35],"low-grade":[36],"versus":[37],"high-grade":[38],"glioma":[39],"(LGG/HGG)":[40],"classification":[41],"proposed":[43,58,151],"using":[44,97],"Convolutional":[46],"Neural":[47,53],"Network":[48],"(CNN)":[49],"designed":[50],"task-oriented":[52],"Architecture":[54],"Search":[55],"(NAS).":[56],"The":[57,106,150],"method":[59],"was":[60,84,109],"evaluated":[61],"multi-center":[64,135],"dataset":[65],"comprising":[66],"1194":[67],"patients":[68],"with":[69,103,111],"pre-operative":[70],"scans,":[72],"including":[73],"T1-CE":[74],"FLAIR":[76],"sequences":[77],"from":[78],"four":[79,134],"publicly":[80],"available":[81,187],"cohorts.":[82],"NAS":[83],"conducted":[85],"within":[86],"controlled":[88],"search":[89],"space":[90],"to":[91,119],"optimize":[92],"3D":[94,168],"U-Net-based":[95],"backbone":[96,108],"Tree-structured":[98],"Parzen":[99],"Estimator":[100],"(TPE)":[101],"combined":[102],"Hyperband":[104],"pruning.":[105],"optimized":[107],"enhanced":[110],"residual":[112],"connections":[113],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[115],"(SE)":[116],"attention":[117],"mechanisms":[118],"improve":[120],"feature":[121],"representation":[122],"training":[124],"stability.":[125],"Internal":[126],"validation":[127],"employed":[128],"repeated":[129],"5-fold":[130],"cross-validation":[131],"across":[132],"all":[133],"datasets.":[136],"An":[137],"external":[138,159],"experiment":[139],"used":[140],"REMBRANDT":[141],"as":[142],"test":[144],"cohort":[145],"(49":[146],"LGG,":[147],"19":[148],"HGG).":[149],"model":[152],"achieved":[153],"88.25%":[154],"internal":[155],"accuracy":[156,160,199],"75.51%":[158],"(macro-F1:":[161],"87.37%":[162],"internal,":[163],"73.77%":[164],"external),":[165],"outperforming":[166],"benchmark":[167],"CNNs.":[169],"Explainable":[170],"Artificial":[171],"Intelligence":[172],"(XAI)":[173],"analysis":[174],"based":[175],"Grad-CAM":[177],"revealed":[178],"robust":[179],"localization":[181],"without":[182],"supervision,":[184],"validated":[185],"against":[186],"ground-truth":[188],"masks.":[189],"Additional":[190],"experiments":[191],"demonstrated":[192],"model's":[194],"generalization":[195],"capacity,":[196],"achieving":[197],"89.51%":[198],"IDH":[201],"mutation":[202],"prediction":[203],"78.74%":[205],"multi-grade":[207],"classification.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2026-06-09T00:00:00"}
