{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162786213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060240","title":"WAFF: A Synergetic Face Forgery Video Detection Method via Weakly Supervised EfficientNet","display_name":"WAFF: A Synergetic Face Forgery Video Detection Method via Weakly Supervised EfficientNet","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162786213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060240","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42346903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12060240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060240","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135322150","display_name":"Zhengzhuo Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengzhuo Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121925623","display_name":"Bohan Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bohan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121935538","display_name":"Longxiang Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longxiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016193325","display_name":"Dawei Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5922-2746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137376802","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137399303","display_name":"Yudi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67441301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"240","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.7682999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.7682999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.10729999840259552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.030300000682473183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7408999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.3736000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8722000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7408999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6794999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132778050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065430","display_name":"Weighted voting","level":4,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12060240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42346903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42346903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e825c77311e048b0aba622d95a663643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e825c77311e048b0aba622d95a663643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 240 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13301864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13301864/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12060240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12060240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6069822907447815,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3034301684","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3097792222","https://openalex.org/W3108854358","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3174656926","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W3178708968","https://openalex.org/W4280579728","https://openalex.org/W4285600316","https://openalex.org/W4297498506","https://openalex.org/W4312342993","https://openalex.org/W4312365317","https://openalex.org/W4312753047","https://openalex.org/W4312967678","https://openalex.org/W4313132612","https://openalex.org/W4315865725","https://openalex.org/W4382407365","https://openalex.org/W4386071463","https://openalex.org/W4386071484","https://openalex.org/W4387967853","https://openalex.org/W4388851105","https://openalex.org/W4390873047","https://openalex.org/W4390873305","https://openalex.org/W4391262065","https://openalex.org/W4391404116","https://openalex.org/W4393324116","https://openalex.org/W4398226154","https://openalex.org/W4399178331","https://openalex.org/W4399852288","https://openalex.org/W4400041386","https://openalex.org/W4400863813","https://openalex.org/W4402666392","https://openalex.org/W4402964300","https://openalex.org/W4405304142","https://openalex.org/W4406813985","https://openalex.org/W4408054937","https://openalex.org/W7128677356"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deepfake":[0],"detection":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"an":[4,77],"essential":[5],"task":[6],"for":[7],"ensuring":[8],"the":[9,107],"authenticity":[10],"and":[11,34,44,122,131,141,153],"security":[12],"of":[13],"digital":[14],"media.":[15],"Although":[16],"recent":[17],"approaches":[18],"have":[19],"achieved":[20],"notable":[21],"progress,":[22],"most":[23],"existing":[24],"detectors":[25],"still":[26],"exhibit":[27],"limited":[28],"generalization":[29],"to":[30,37,94,125],"unseen":[31],"forgery":[32,98],"techniques":[33],"remain":[35],"vulnerable":[36],"common":[38],"perturbations":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"compression,":[42,155],"noise,":[43],"adversarial":[45],"attacks.":[46],"To":[47],"overcome":[48],"these":[49],"issues,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52],"Weakly":[53,83],"Supervised":[54,84],"EfficientNet":[55],"Augmented":[56],"Face":[57],"Forgery":[58],"Detector":[59],"(WAFF),":[60],"a":[61,82,112,127],"novel":[62],"framework":[63],"that":[64,116,144],"integrates":[65,75],"fine-grained":[66],"per-frame":[67],"analysis":[68],"with":[69,81],"adaptive":[70],"video-level":[71],"fusion.":[72],"Specifically,":[73],"WAFF":[74,110,145],"WSEffiNet,":[76],"EfficientNet-B3-based":[78],"backbone":[79],"enhanced":[80],"Data":[85],"Augmentation":[86],"Network":[87],"(WS-DAN).":[88],"This":[89],"design":[90],"generates":[91],"attention":[92],"maps":[93],"emphasize":[95],"subtle":[96],"facial":[97],"artifacts":[99],"while":[100,156],"encouraging":[101],"complementary":[102],"local-global":[103],"feature":[104],"learning.":[105],"At":[106],"video":[108],"level,":[109],"incorporates":[111],"multi-strategy":[113],"fusion":[114],"scheme":[115],"combines":[117],"fake-frame":[118],"counting,":[119],"confidence":[120],"averaging,":[121],"attention-guided":[123],"voting":[124],"strike":[126],"balance":[128],"between":[129],"sensitivity":[130],"stability.":[132],"Extensive":[133],"experiments":[134],"on":[135],"FaceForensics++,":[136],"Celeb-DF":[137],"v2,":[138],"DFD,":[139],"DFDC,":[140],"FFIW-10K":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"can":[146],"achieve":[147],"state-of-the-art":[148],"performance":[149],"under":[150],"both":[151],"high-":[152],"low-quality":[154],"also":[157],"enhancing":[158],"cross-dataset":[159],"generalization.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}
