{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117736834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12010018","title":"Revisiting Underwater Image Enhancement for Object Detection: A Unified Quality\u2013Detection Evaluation Framework","display_name":"Revisiting Underwater Image Enhancement for Object Detection: A Unified Quality\u2013Detection Evaluation Framework","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117736834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12010018","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41590903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12010018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12010018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12010018","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ali Awad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0315-3718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0315-3718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083316560","display_name":"Ashraf Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-850X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashraf Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2415-850X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Computing, College of Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113991367","display_name":"Sidike Paheding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4712-9672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126350171","display_name":"Fairfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z49n283","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126350171"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidike Paheding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4712-9672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126350171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121620767","display_name":"Evan Lucas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan Lucas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6425-3416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035790934","display_name":"Serein Al-Ratrout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0699-1322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serein Al-Ratrout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060923133","display_name":"Timothy C. Havens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5746-3749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy C. Havens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083316560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62302941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11579","display_name":"Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7315000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6711000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-enhancement","display_name":"Image enhancement","score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4239000082015991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7817999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7315000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6764000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6711000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6139000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017601658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image enhancement","level":3,"score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986800882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168187","display_name":"Performance enhancement","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018181011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6849688","display_name":"Contrast enhancement","level":3,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71681937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object-class detection","level":5,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Digital image processing","level":4,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12010018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12010018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41590903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41590903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p2-3387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p2/2326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5c3facce1d984488a3a45dc47f518b44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5c3facce1d984488a3a45dc47f518b44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 18 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12842599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12842599/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging12010018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12010018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6365197896957397,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4029426771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2244403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5153602857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G23AS00029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2181646778","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2474516010","https://openalex.org/W2510572670","https://openalex.org/W2766648222","https://openalex.org/W2771986438","https://openalex.org/W2883905828","https://openalex.org/W2913152041","https://openalex.org/W2963928582","https://openalex.org/W2985321619","https://openalex.org/W3003744174","https://openalex.org/W3015543858","https://openalex.org/W3046887343","https://openalex.org/W3090063164","https://openalex.org/W3091482939","https://openalex.org/W3116271762","https://openalex.org/W3135038612","https://openalex.org/W3176831374","https://openalex.org/W3183900906","https://openalex.org/W3194942914","https://openalex.org/W3205066504","https://openalex.org/W3217445779","https://openalex.org/W4211198541","https://openalex.org/W4224928605","https://openalex.org/W4225728089","https://openalex.org/W4226197550","https://openalex.org/W4280602121","https://openalex.org/W4281937845","https://openalex.org/W4307900253","https://openalex.org/W4315498985","https://openalex.org/W4320033720","https://openalex.org/W4322503716","https://openalex.org/W4322746840","https://openalex.org/W4323022483","https://openalex.org/W4323913478","https://openalex.org/W4382365354","https://openalex.org/W4386071708","https://openalex.org/W4387079682","https://openalex.org/W4390493314","https://openalex.org/W4391855980","https://openalex.org/W4392153940","https://openalex.org/W4394615938","https://openalex.org/W4403214899","https://openalex.org/W4406124184","https://openalex.org/W4411824993","https://openalex.org/W4416162837"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"images":[1],"often":[2,126],"suffer":[3],"from":[4],"severe":[5],"color":[6],"distortion,":[7],"low":[8],"contrast,":[9],"and":[10,48,56,92,122,170,212,221],"reduced":[11],"visibility,":[12],"motivating":[13],"the":[14,100,190,209],"widespread":[15],"use":[16],"of":[17,51],"image":[18,113,198],"enhancement":[19,35,54,140,153,162,180,199],"as":[20],"a":[21,46,65,72,77,83,94,175],"preprocessing":[22],"step":[23],"for":[24,145,178,183,203],"downstream":[25,184],"computer":[26],"vision":[27,185],"tasks.":[28,186],"However,":[29],"recent":[30],"studies":[31],"have":[32],"questioned":[33],"whether":[34],"actually":[36],"improves":[37,142],"object":[38,61,204],"detection":[39,86,120,143,205],"performance.":[40,155],"In":[41],"this":[42],"work,":[43],"we":[44,134],"conduct":[45],"comprehensive":[47,192],"rigorous":[49],"evaluation":[50,67],"nine":[52],"state-of-the-art":[53],"methods":[55],"their":[57],"interactions":[58],"with":[59],"modern":[60],"detectors.":[62],"We":[63],"propose":[64],"unified":[66],"framework":[68],"that":[69,98,111,123,160,196],"integrates":[70],"(1)":[71],"distribution-level":[73],"quality":[74,79,114],"assessment":[75],"using":[76],"composite":[78],"index":[80],"(Q-index),":[81],"(2)":[82],"fine-grained":[84],"per-image":[85,132],"protocol":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89],"COCO-style":[90],"mAP,":[91],"(3)":[93],"mixed-set":[95,157],"upper-bound":[96],"analysis":[97,158],"quantifies":[99],"theoretical":[101],"performance":[102],"achievable":[103],"through":[104],"ideal":[105],"selective":[106,161],"enhancement.":[107],"Our":[108],"findings":[109],"reveal":[110],"traditional":[112],"metrics":[115],"do":[116],"not":[117],"reliably":[118],"predict":[119],"performance,":[121],"dataset-level":[124],"conclusions":[125],"overlook":[127],"substantial":[128,165],"image-level":[129],"variability.":[130],"Through":[131],"evaluation,":[133],"identify":[135],"numerous":[136],"cases":[137],"in":[138],"which":[139,152],"significantly":[141],"accuracy-primarily":[144],"low-quality":[146],"inputs-while":[147],"also":[148],"demonstrating":[149],"conditions":[150],"under":[151],"degrades":[154],"The":[156,218],"shows":[159],"can":[163,200],"yield":[164],"gains":[166],"over":[167],"both":[168],"original":[169],"fully":[171],"enhanced":[172],"datasets,":[173],"establishing":[174],"new":[176],"direction":[177],"designing":[179],"models":[181],"optimized":[182],"This":[187],"study":[188],"provides":[189],"most":[191],"evidence":[193],"to":[194],"date":[195],"underwater":[197],"be":[201],"beneficial":[202],"when":[206],"evaluated":[207],"at":[208],"appropriate":[210],"granularity":[211],"guided":[213],"by":[214],"informed":[215],"selection":[216],"strategies.":[217],"data":[219],"generated":[220],"code":[222],"developed":[223],"are":[224],"publicly":[225],"available.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-12-31T00:00:00"}