{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416212375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110413","title":"Sentinel-2-Based Forest Health Survey of ICP Forests Level I and II Plots in Hungary","display_name":"Sentinel-2-Based Forest Health Survey of ICP Forests Level I and II Plots in Hungary","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416212375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110413","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41295130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11110413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110413","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/413/pdf?version=1763134161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/413/pdf?version=1763134161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025643863","display_name":"Tam\u00e1s Moln\u00e1r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-0871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85686399","display_name":"University of Sopron","ror":"https://ror.org/05nj7my03","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tam\u00e1s Moln\u00e1r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Sopron, V\u00e1rker\u00fclet 30/A, 9600 S\u00e1rv\u00e1r, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-0871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Sopron, V\u00e1rker\u00fclet 30/A, 9600 S\u00e1rv\u00e1r, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074048273","display_name":"Bence Bolla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-0295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85686399","display_name":"University of Sopron","ror":"https://ror.org/05nj7my03","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bence Bolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Sopron, V\u00e1rker\u00fclet 30/A, 9600 S\u00e1rv\u00e1r, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2234-0295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Sopron, V\u00e1rker\u00fclet 30/A, 9600 S\u00e1rv\u00e1r, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016164615","display_name":"Orsolya Szab\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-0897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85686399","display_name":"University of Sopron","ror":"https://ror.org/05nj7my03","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orsolya Szab\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Research Institute, Department of Plantation Forestry, University of Sopron, Farkassziget 3, 4150 P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-0897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute, Department of Plantation Forestry, University of Sopron, Farkassziget 3, 4150 P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058817203","display_name":"A. Koltay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6865-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099016","display_name":"Forest Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01sjh9112","country_code":"HU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099016","https://openalex.org/I4210112513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85686399","display_name":"University of Sopron","ror":"https://ror.org/05nj7my03","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e1s Koltay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, University of Sopron, Hegyalja \u00fat 18, 3232 M\u00e1traf\u00fcred, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6865-2601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, University of Sopron, Hegyalja \u00fat 18, 3232 M\u00e1traf\u00fcred, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099016","https://openalex.org/I85686399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025643863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.3407,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"11","first_page":"413","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.7282000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.7282000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.08060000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12118","display_name":"Forest Biomass Utilization and Management","score":0.04170000180602074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.7426999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-health","display_name":"Forest health","score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-survey","display_name":"Field survey","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frost","display_name":"Frost (temperature)","score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.3310999870300293}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.7426999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991880734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469188","display_name":"Forest health","level":2,"score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989343102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1402508","display_name":"Field survey","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4988496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135221","display_name":"Frost (temperature)","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777399953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155658","display_name":"Deforestation (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194661718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437217","display_name":"Forest plot","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779007161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37852984","display_name":"Forest degradation","level":4,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11110413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110413","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/413/pdf?version=1763134161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41295130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41295130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:publicatio.uni-sopron.hu:3840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publicatio.uni-sopron.hu/3840/1/jimaging-11-00413-v2.pdf","pdf_url":"http://publicatio.uni-sopron.hu/3840/1/jimaging-11-00413-v2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402309","display_name":"\u00dcdv\u00f6z\u00f6lj\u00fck a Publicatio oldal\u00e1n (University of West Hungary)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I85686399","host_organization_name":"University of Sopron","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85686399"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Cikk"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a813df25f4d04006b9331786b35bfc48","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a813df25f4d04006b9331786b35bfc48","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 11, Iss 11, p 413 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11110413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110413","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/413/pdf?version=1763134161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416212375.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416212375.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0],"damage":[1,34,58,129,146,202,219],"has":[2,35],"been":[3,36],"increasingly":[4],"recorded":[5],"over":[6],"the":[7,27,32,61,90,100,155,177,193,213,221],"past":[8],"decade":[9],"in":[10,23,99,117,164,170,187],"both":[11],"Europe":[12],"and":[13,44,52,71,79,112,131,140,152,169,203],"Hungary,":[14,188],"primarily":[15],"due":[16,166,172],"to":[17,75,94,96,167,173],"prolonged":[18],"droughts,":[19],"causing":[20],"a":[21,50],"decline":[22,161],"forest":[24,33,77,156,185,218],"health.":[25],"In":[26,143],"framework":[28],"of":[29,192],"ICP":[30,63,108,178],"Forests,":[31],"monitored":[37,194],"for":[38,55,89],"decades;":[39],"however,":[40,154],"it":[41],"is":[42],"labour-intensive":[43],"time-consuming.":[45],"Satellite-based":[46],"remote":[47],"sensing":[48],"offers":[49],"rapid":[51],"efficient":[53],"method":[54],"assessing":[56],"large-scale":[57],"events,":[59],"combining":[60],"ground-based":[62],"Forests":[64,109,179],"datasets.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"utilised":[68],"cloud":[69],"computing":[70],"Sentinel-2":[72],"satellite":[73,141],"imagery":[74],"monitor":[76],"health":[78],"detect":[80],"anomalies.":[81],"Standardised":[82],"NDVI":[83,120,209],"(Z":[84],"NDVI)":[85],"maps":[86],"were":[87,122,196],"produced":[88],"period":[91],"from":[92,176],"2017":[93],"2023":[95],"identify":[97],"disturbances":[98],"forest.":[101],"The":[102],"research":[103],"focused":[104],"on":[105,128],"seven":[106],"active":[107],"Level":[110,114,136,180],"II":[111,137],"78":[113],"I":[115,181],"plots":[116],"Hungary.":[118],"Z":[119,208],"values":[121],"divided":[123],"into":[124],"five":[125],"categories":[126],"based":[127],"severity,":[130],"there":[132],"was":[133,147,162],"agreement":[134],"between":[135],"field":[138,214],"data":[139],"imagery.":[142],"2017,":[144],"severe":[145,206],"caused":[148],"by":[149,158],"late":[150],"frost":[151],"wind;":[153],"recovered":[157],"2018.":[159],"Another":[160],"observed":[163],"2021":[165],"wind":[168],"2022":[171],"drought.":[174],"Data":[175],"plots,":[182],"which":[183],"represent":[184],"condition":[186],"indicated":[189],"that":[190],"80%":[191],"stands":[195],"damaged,":[197],"with":[198,212],"30%":[199],"suffering":[200],"moderate":[201],"15%":[204],"experiencing":[205],"damage.":[207],"classifications":[210],"aligned":[211],"data,":[215],"showing":[216],"widespread":[217],"across":[220],"country.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}