{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415680635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110381","title":"A Deep Regression Model for Tongue Image Color Correction Based on CNN","display_name":"A Deep Regression Model for Tongue Image Color Correction Based on CNN","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415680635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110381","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41295098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11110381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110381","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/381/pdf?version=1761738115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/381/pdf?version=1761738115","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043379487","display_name":"Xiyuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-5637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101977907","display_name":"Delong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0555-9642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Delong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104234770","display_name":"Chunyang Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008881437","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-4097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100672483","display_name":"Zhidong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhidong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-4003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408559","display_name":"Chenyang Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-3975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Testing Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043379487","https://openalex.org/A5100672483"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45162778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"11","first_page":"381","last_page":"381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12647","display_name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12647","display_name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Studies","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11521","display_name":"Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-correction","display_name":"Color correction","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.670799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5787000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-image","display_name":"Color image","score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-balance","display_name":"Color balance","score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4075999855995178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779495555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148596","display_name":"Color correction","level":3,"score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8180999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7993999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.670799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5787000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142616399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5148604","display_name":"Color image","level":4,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159784718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182571","display_name":"Color balance","level":5,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779744641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614","display_name":"Tongue","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2961294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166863","display_name":"Color space","level":3,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36262787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294018","display_name":"Color model","level":4,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186991048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184883","display_name":"Color difference","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173752661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1396414","display_name":"Color quantization","level":5,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17916492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144257","display_name":"Gamma correction","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11110381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110381","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/381/pdf?version=1761738115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41295098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41295098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:25ad47b3c1324c1d91ece57836a19c1e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/25ad47b3c1324c1d91ece57836a19c1e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 11, Iss 11, p 381 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11110381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11110381","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/11/381/pdf?version=1761738115","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G221857014","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202102130501011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336035","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7239637163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336035","display_name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415680635.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510865924","https://openalex.org/W1760260320","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1974080822","https://openalex.org/W1998934677","https://openalex.org/W2026410321","https://openalex.org/W2047239511","https://openalex.org/W2135757390","https://openalex.org/W2152146871","https://openalex.org/W2227349991","https://openalex.org/W2560137036","https://openalex.org/W2786524046","https://openalex.org/W2902975742","https://openalex.org/W2965403248","https://openalex.org/W2971119925","https://openalex.org/W3009154240","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3179717703","https://openalex.org/W3193107207","https://openalex.org/W4220984360","https://openalex.org/W4313245569"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Different":[0],"viewing":[1],"or":[2],"shooting":[3],"situations":[4],"can":[5,192],"affect":[6],"color":[7,61,112,135,160,171,177,205],"authenticity":[8],"and":[9,26,34,117,122,137,215],"generally":[10],"lead":[11],"to":[12,58,141,153,197],"visual":[13],"inconsistencies":[14],"for":[15,31,82,114,144,163,179,183,212],"the":[16,60,138,189,200],"same":[17],"images.":[18,65],"At":[19],"present,":[20],"deep":[21],"learning":[22],"has":[23],"gained":[24],"popularity":[25],"opened":[27],"up":[28,152],"new":[29],"avenues":[30],"image":[32,102],"processing":[33],"optimization.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,89,126,174],"propose":[40],"a":[41],"novel":[42],"regression":[43],"model":[44,68,92,109,139,150,202],"named":[45],"TococoNet":[46,67,201],"(Tongue":[47],"Color":[48],"Correction":[49],"Network)":[50],"that":[51,107],"extends":[52],"from":[53,195],"CNN":[54],"(convolutional":[55],"neural":[56],"network)":[57],"eliminate":[59],"bias":[62],"in":[63,157],"tongue":[64,115,164,184],"The":[66,100,149],"consists":[69],"of":[70,134,159,169],"symmetric":[71],"encoder--decoder":[72],"U-Blocks":[73],"which":[74,208],"are":[75],"connected":[76],"by":[77,93,130],"M-Block":[78],"through":[79],"concatenation":[80],"layers":[81],"feature":[83],"fusion":[84],"at":[85],"different":[86],"levels.":[87],"Initially,":[88],"train":[90],"our":[91,108],"simulatively":[94],"introducing":[95,131],"five":[96],"common":[97],"biased":[98],"colors.":[99],"various":[101],"quality":[103],"indicators":[104],"holistically":[105],"demonstrate":[106],"achieves":[110,151],"accurate":[111],"correction":[113,128,147,155,178,206],"images,":[116],"simultaneously":[118],"surpasses":[119],"conventional":[120],"algorithms":[121],"shallow":[123],"networks.":[124],"Furthermore,":[125],"conduct":[127],"experiments":[129],"random":[132,170],"degrees":[133,168],"bias,":[136],"continues":[140],"perform":[142],"well":[143],"achieving":[145],"excellent":[146,176,204],"effects.":[148],"84%":[154],"effectiveness":[156],"terms":[158],"distance":[161],"\u0394E":[162,191],"images":[165,182],"with":[166],"varying":[167],"cast.":[172],"Finally,":[173],"obtain":[175],"actual":[180],"captured":[181],"diagnosis":[185],"application.":[186],"Among":[187],"these,":[188],"maximum":[190],"be":[193],"reduced":[194],"30.38":[196],"6.05.":[198],"Overall,":[199],"possesses":[203],"capabilities,":[207],"opens":[209],"promising":[210],"opportunities":[211],"clinical":[213],"assistance":[214],"automatic":[216],"diagnosis.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}