{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414987809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11100350","title":"Automatic Visual Inspection for Industrial Application","display_name":"Automatic Visual Inspection for Industrial Application","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414987809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11100350","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41150026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11100350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11100350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/10/350/pdf?version=1759910800","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/10/350/pdf?version=1759910800","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040077974","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Ribeiro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Gouveia Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2664-7240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001342472","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Vila\u00e7a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-7019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu\u00eds Vila\u00e7a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3640-7019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006235395","display_name":"Carlos J. Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-0561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105339","display_name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria","ror":"https://ror.org/01fqrjt38","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105339"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neutroplast Company, 2590-057 Sobral de Monte Agra\u00e7o, Portugal","NEUTROPLAST, 2590-057 Sobral de Monte Agra\u00e7o, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neutroplast Company, 2590-057 Sobral de Monte Agra\u00e7o, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105339"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEUTROPLAST, 2590-057 Sobral de Monte Agra\u00e7o, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014808532","display_name":"Tiago Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-8773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149344","display_name":"Instituto Superior Polit\u00e9cnico Gaya","ror":"https://ror.org/04k26n974","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149344"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Soares da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Superior de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Instituto Superior Polit\u00e9cnico Gaya, 4400-103 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-8773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Superior de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Instituto Superior Polit\u00e9cnico Gaya, 4400-103 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149344"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029690434","display_name":"Pedro Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-4316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83863532","display_name":"Polytechnic Institute of Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/04988re48","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Miguel Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal","INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-4316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83863532"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology, and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029690434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615","https://openalex.org/I83863532"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.4503,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94807226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"350","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-inspection","display_name":"Visual inspection","score":0.7159000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.321399986743927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8148000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168820333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448889","display_name":"Visual inspection","level":2,"score":0.7159000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175700187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939","display_name":"Manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780527621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936593","display_name":"Visual control","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106436119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assurance","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11100350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11100350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/10/350/pdf?version=1759910800","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41150026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41150026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3afe8d1bf114142a303bc95ea4b82ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3afe8d1bf114142a303bc95ea4b82ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 11, Iss 10, p 350 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11372274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12565284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio-aberto.up.pt:10216/169801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10216/169801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401934","display_name":"Open Repository of the University of Porto (University of Porto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","host_organization_name":"Universidade do Porto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11100350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11100350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/10/350/pdf?version=1759910800","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414987809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414987809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quality":[0],"control":[1],"represents":[2],"a":[3,157],"critical":[4],"function":[5],"in":[6,95,172],"industrial":[7,66,174],"environments,":[8],"ensuring":[9],"that":[10],"manufactured":[11],"products":[12],"meet":[13],"strict":[14],"standards":[15],"and":[16,41,46,71,151,169],"remain":[17,34],"free":[18],"from":[19,164],"defects.":[20],"In":[21],"highly":[22],"regulated":[23],"sectors":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,139],"the":[27,49,56,115,182,185],"pharmaceutical":[28,90],"industry,":[29],"traditional":[30],"manual":[31],"inspection":[32,159],"methods":[33,100],"widely":[35],"used.":[36],"However,":[37],"these":[38],"are":[39],"time-consuming":[40],"prone":[42],"to":[43,103,125,136,144,161],"human":[44],"error,":[45],"they":[47,140],"lack":[48],"reliability":[50],"required":[51],"for":[52,59,65,89],"large-scale":[53],"operations,":[54],"highlighting":[55],"urgent":[57],"need":[58],"automated":[60,82],"solutions.":[61],"This":[62,78],"is":[63,114],"crucial":[64],"applications,":[67],"where":[68],"environments":[69],"evolve":[70],"new":[72,137],"defect":[73,84,178],"types":[74],"can":[75],"arise":[76],"unpredictably.":[77],"work":[79],"proposes":[80],"an":[81],"visual":[83],"detection":[85,179],"system":[86],"specifically":[87],"designed":[88],"bottles,":[91],"with":[92],"potential":[93],"applicability":[94],"other":[96],"manufacturing":[97],"domains.":[98],"Various":[99],"were":[101],"integrated":[102],"create":[104],"robust":[105],"tools":[106],"capable":[107],"of":[108,117,184],"real-world":[109,173],"deployment.":[110],"A":[111],"key":[112],"strategy":[113],"use":[116],"incremental":[118],"learning,":[119],"which":[120],"enables":[121],"machine":[122],"learning":[123],"models":[124,143],"incorporate":[126],"new,":[127],"unseen":[128],"data":[129],"without":[130],"full":[131],"retraining,":[132],"thus":[133],"enabling":[134],"adaptation":[135],"defects":[138],"appear,":[141],"allowing":[142],"handle":[145],"rare":[146],"cases":[147],"while":[148],"maintaining":[149],"stability":[150],"performance.":[152],"The":[153],"proposed":[154,186],"solution":[155],"incorporates":[156],"multi-view":[158],"setup":[160],"capture":[162],"images":[163],"multiple":[165],"angles,":[166],"enhancing":[167],"accuracy":[168],"robustness.":[170],"Evaluations":[171],"conditions":[175],"demonstrated":[176],"high":[177],"rates,":[180],"confirming":[181],"effectiveness":[183],"approach.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T13:37:22.277990","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}