{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411242523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11060194","title":"Evaluating Features and Variations in Deepfake Videos Using the CoAtNet Model","display_name":"Evaluating Features and Variations in Deepfake Videos Using the CoAtNet Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411242523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11060194","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40558793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11060194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11060194","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/6/194/pdf?version=1749778535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/6/194/pdf?version=1749778535","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069047005","display_name":"Eman Alattas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eman Alattas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent\u2019s Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent's Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8411-655X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent\u2019s Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent's Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035641997","display_name":"John A. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-9739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent\u2019s Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent's Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-9739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent\u2019s Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent's Court, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109897822","display_name":"Arwa Yousuf Al-Aama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arwa Al-Aama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institutional Advancements, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-0472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institutional Advancements, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028123474","display_name":"Salma Kammoun Jarraya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salma Kammoun Jarraya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-6599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069047005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786","https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.7946,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71716737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"194","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7449438571929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41197142004966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36982080340385437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7449438571929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41197142004966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36982080340385437}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11060194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11060194","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/6/194/pdf?version=1749778535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40558793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40558793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:228614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8411-655X>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d11439f978a240878463fa97f064a715","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d11439f978a240878463fa97f064a715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 11, Iss 6, p 194 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12194761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12194761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11060194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11060194","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/6/194/pdf?version=1749778535","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320342","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411242523.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411242523.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1755205674","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2796258071","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2981851019","https://openalex.org/W3004953390","https://openalex.org/W3011651912","https://openalex.org/W3012472557","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3022867133","https://openalex.org/W3034301684","https://openalex.org/W3034655362","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034909238","https://openalex.org/W3035063907","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3040168631","https://openalex.org/W3080632971","https://openalex.org/W3092813564","https://openalex.org/W3096323553","https://openalex.org/W3120504414","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3133706685","https://openalex.org/W3134377386","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3155203878","https://openalex.org/W3171087525","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3174656926","https://openalex.org/W3177485760","https://openalex.org/W3198362366","https://openalex.org/W3205653724","https://openalex.org/W3206817819","https://openalex.org/W4206119910","https://openalex.org/W4213449918","https://openalex.org/W4221045030","https://openalex.org/W4319430374","https://openalex.org/W4361003656","https://openalex.org/W4362709188","https://openalex.org/W6791305816","https://openalex.org/W6796931752","https://openalex.org/W6843263049","https://openalex.org/W6875121695","https://openalex.org/W6973559833","https://openalex.org/W7024415624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deepfake":[0],"video":[1,164],"detection":[2,37],"has":[3,43],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,78],"critical":[7],"challenge":[8],"in":[9,47,56,62,85,122,140],"the":[10,26,30,92,111,155],"realm":[11],"of":[12,29,75,113,124],"artificial":[13],"intelligence,":[14],"given":[15],"its":[16,52,103],"implications":[17],"for":[18,54,158],"misinformation":[19],"and":[20,83,97,132,161],"digital":[21],"security.":[22],"This":[23,149],"study":[24,150],"evaluates":[25],"generalisation":[27,55,68],"capabilities":[28],"CoAtNet":[31,42,153],"model-a":[32],"hybrid":[33],"convolution-transformer":[34],"architecture-for":[35],"deepfake":[36,86,163],"across":[38],"diverse":[39],"datasets.":[40,109],"Although":[41],"shown":[44],"exceptional":[45],"performance":[46,104,173],"several":[48],"computer":[49],"vision":[50],"tasks,":[51],"potential":[53],"cross-dataset":[57,141,162],"scenarios":[58],"remains":[59],"underexplored.":[60],"Thus,":[61],"this":[63],"study,":[64],"we":[65],"explore":[66],"CoAtNet's":[67],"ability":[69],"by":[70,101],"conducting":[71],"an":[72,128,144],"extensive":[73],"series":[74],"experiments":[76,89],"with":[77,127,143],"focus":[79],"on":[80,105,167,174],"discovering":[81],"features":[82],"variations":[84],"videos.":[87],"These":[88],"involve":[90],"training":[91],"model":[93,135],"using":[94],"various":[95],"input":[96],"processing":[98],"configurations,":[99],"followed":[100],"evaluating":[102],"widely":[106],"recognised":[107],"public":[108],"To":[110],"best":[112,156],"our":[114,116],"knowledge,":[115],"proposed":[117],"approach":[118],"outperforms":[119],"state-of-the-art":[120],"models":[121],"terms":[123],"intra-dataset":[125,160],"performance,":[126],"AUC":[129,145,157],"between":[130],"81.4%":[131],"99.9%.":[133],"Our":[134],"also":[136,170],"achieves":[137,154],"outstanding":[138],"results":[139],"evaluations,":[142],"equal":[146],"to":[147],"78%.":[148],"demonstrates":[151],"that":[152],"both":[159],"detection,":[165],"particularly":[166],"Celeb-DF,":[168],"while":[169],"showing":[171],"strong":[172],"DFDC.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}