{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409883685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050136","title":"Minimizing Bleed-Through Effect in Medieval Manuscripts with Machine Learning and Robust Statistics","display_name":"Minimizing Bleed-Through Effect in Medieval Manuscripts with Machine Learning and Robust Statistics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409883685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050136","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11050136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050136","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/5/136/pdf?version=1745899522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/5/136/pdf?version=1745899522","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099986040","display_name":"Adriano Ettari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adriano Ettari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7445-8926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005388897","display_name":"M. Brescia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-5680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Brescia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-5680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113032706","display_name":"S. D. Conte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9527-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Conte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9527-3451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117359695","display_name":"Yahya Momtaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Momtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4437-0255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011284738","display_name":"G. Russo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-4393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guido Russo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-4393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics E. Pancini, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia, 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005388897","https://openalex.org/A5011284738","https://openalex.org/A5099986040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.1749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87116699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":"136","last_page":"136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bleed","display_name":"Bleed","score":0.8520045280456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7065064907073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6903330087661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6205571889877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5990154147148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4740031659603119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4044107496738434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39806410670280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36770033836364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.11512893438339233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776259030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769508","display_name":"Bleed","level":2,"score":0.8520045280456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7065064907073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6903330087661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6205571889877319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5990154147148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4740031659603119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4044107496738434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39806410670280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36770033836364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.11512893438339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11050136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050136","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/5/136/pdf?version=1745899522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40422993","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee6d0cceae9246449de9d3f2be883fe6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee6d0cceae9246449de9d3f2be883fe6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 11, Iss 5, p 136 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12112446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12112446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11050136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050136","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/11/5/136/pdf?version=1745899522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409883685.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55836907","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1996881001","https://openalex.org/W2041625018","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2058471322","https://openalex.org/W2073060331","https://openalex.org/W2102409316","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2112215040","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2142635246","https://openalex.org/W2146675332","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2345699456","https://openalex.org/W2524888739","https://openalex.org/W2785874433","https://openalex.org/W2809815183","https://openalex.org/W2810855111","https://openalex.org/W2927579939","https://openalex.org/W2962747717","https://openalex.org/W2964332134","https://openalex.org/W3103938469","https://openalex.org/W4243521730","https://openalex.org/W4353015954","https://openalex.org/W4390789586","https://openalex.org/W4400524387","https://openalex.org/W6805681509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2401785169","https://openalex.org/W4224281037","https://openalex.org/W1993751472","https://openalex.org/W2397934388","https://openalex.org/W1949594991","https://openalex.org/W4361206981","https://openalex.org/W4220829046","https://openalex.org/W2418151945","https://openalex.org/W2040072969","https://openalex.org/W1578916557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,13,30,35,39,59,78,128,145,148,156,159,169,175,187,195],"last":[2],"decades,":[3],"plenty":[4],"of":[5,21,38,61,68,75,77,80,124,147,158,189],"ancient":[6],"manuscripts":[7,131],"have":[8,49],"been":[9],"digitized":[10],"all":[11],"over":[12],"world,":[14],"and":[15,87,95,118,168,174,199],"particularly":[16],"in":[17,43,137,141],"Europe.":[18],"The":[19,102,122],"fruition":[20],"these":[22,125,134],"huge":[23],"digital":[24],"archives":[25],"is":[26,164,178,202,206],"often":[27],"limited":[28],"by":[29],"bleed-through":[31,53,64,142,172,198],"effect":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,98,127,151,155,208,213],"acid":[36],"nature":[37],"inks":[40],"used,":[41],"resulting":[42],"very":[44],"noisy":[45],"images.":[46],"Several":[47],"authors":[48],"recently":[50],"worked":[51],"on":[52,71],"removal,":[54,143],"using":[55],"different":[56,93],"approaches.":[57],"With":[58],"aim":[60],"developing":[62],"a":[63,72,183,210],"removal":[65],"tool,":[66],"capable":[67],"batch":[69],"application":[70,123],"large":[73],"number":[74],"images,":[76],"order":[79],"hundred":[81],"thousands,":[82],"we":[83,180],"used":[84,104],"machine":[85],"learning":[86],"robust":[88],"statistical":[89],"methods":[90,103,126,135],"with":[91],"four":[92],"methods,":[94],"applied":[96],"them":[97],"two":[99,129],"medieval":[100],"manuscripts.":[101],"are":[105],"(i)":[106],"non-local":[107],"means":[108],"(NLM);":[109],"(ii)":[110],"Gaussian":[111,120],"mixture":[112],"models":[113],"(GMMs);":[114],"(iii)":[115],"biweight":[116],"estimation;":[117],"(iv)":[119],"blur.":[121],"quoted":[130],"shows":[132],"that":[133],"are,":[136],"general,":[138],"quite":[139],"effective":[140],"but":[144],"selection":[146],"method":[149],"has":[150],"be":[152],"performed":[153],"according":[154],"characteristics":[157],"manuscript,":[160],"e.g.,":[161],"if":[162,194],"there":[163],"no":[165],"ink":[166],"fading":[167],"difference":[170],"between":[171,197],"pixels":[173,201],"foreground":[176,200],"text":[177],"clear,":[179],"can":[181],"use":[182,209],"stronger":[184],"model":[185,212],"without":[186],"risk":[188],"losing":[190],"important":[191],"information.":[192],"Conversely,":[193],"distinction":[196],"less":[203],"pronounced,":[204],"it":[205],"better":[207],"weaker":[211],"preserve":[214],"useful":[215],"details.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
