{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409868872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133","title":"A Comprehensive Review on Document Image Binarization","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review on Document Image Binarization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409868872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11050133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078990476","display_name":"Bilal Bataineh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-1642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97864281","display_name":"Irbid National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xfxvy87","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97864281"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Bataineh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Irbid National University, Irbid 21110, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-1642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Irbid National University, Irbid 21110, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97864281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105514917","display_name":"Mohamed Tounsi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-9005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Tounsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Department, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-9005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Department, College of Computing, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060719711","display_name":"Nuha Zamzami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9328-9218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuha Zamzami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9328-9218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065217317","display_name":"Jehan Janbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-7106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jehan Janbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057799917","display_name":"Waleed Abu-Ain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2186-5962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Abdel Karim Abu-ain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied College, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied College, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074029246","display_name":"Tarik Abu-Ain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-7600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarik AbuAin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-7600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033451239","display_name":"Shaima Elnazer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-2749"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaima Elnazer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication and Electronic Department, Nile Academy for Science and Technology, El Mansoura 35516, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication and Electronic Department, Nile Academy for Science and Technology, El Mansoura 35516, Egypt","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078990476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97864281"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":10.8746,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98448394,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":"133","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7276802062988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5590826869010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.466740220785141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4332837462425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.38247454166412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37668582797050476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7276802062988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5590826869010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.466740220785141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4332837462425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38247454166412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37668582797050476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11050133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40422990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40422990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d53b876ed4e24167832cbd34cfada7fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d53b876ed4e24167832cbd34cfada7fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 11, Iss 5, p 133 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10924943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12112497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging11050133","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":135,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61835501","https://openalex.org/W802468761","https://openalex.org/W1491922060","https://openalex.org/W1548262501","https://openalex.org/W1550892265","https://openalex.org/W1971956292","https://openalex.org/W1979725976","https://openalex.org/W1995790019","https://openalex.org/W1998399533","https://openalex.org/W2003099669","https://openalex.org/W2045186501","https://openalex.org/W2061621623","https://openalex.org/W2079172786","https://openalex.org/W2092564322","https://openalex.org/W2096088936","https://openalex.org/W2109800313","https://openalex.org/W2110365886","https://openalex.org/W2124291600","https://openalex.org/W2124410444","https://openalex.org/W2128060444","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2135745675","https://openalex.org/W2156154468","https://openalex.org/W2162556631","https://openalex.org/W2170472910","https://openalex.org/W2206776950","https://openalex.org/W2237052143","https://openalex.org/W2519234774","https://openalex.org/W2746902698","https://openalex.org/W2769639793","https://openalex.org/W2786793666","https://openalex.org/W2787175084","https://openalex.org/W2789758573","https://openalex.org/W2806396213","https://openalex.org/W2811173697","https://openalex.org/W2811422855","https://openalex.org/W2889064910","https://openalex.org/W2896431596","https://openalex.org/W2907323828","https://openalex.org/W2911064732","https://openalex.org/W2911489097","https://openalex.org/W2912710081","https://openalex.org/W2913061651","https://openalex.org/W2915106267","https://openalex.org/W2922862371","https://openalex.org/W2933761588","https://openalex.org/W2934529125","https://openalex.org/W2935850585","https://openalex.org/W2948131761","https://openalex.org/W2953658813","https://openalex.org/W2954235921","https://openalex.org/W2956473098","https://openalex.org/W2968294483","https://openalex.org/W2968914429","https://openalex.org/W2974917337","https://openalex.org/W2982225812","https://openalex.org/W2996689340","https://openalex.org/W2997154779","https://openalex.org/W2998797588","https://openalex.org/W3001741482","https://openalex.org/W3003240937","https://openalex.org/W3003275836","https://openalex.org/W3003496674","https://openalex.org/W3004406681","https://openalex.org/W3013211900","https://openalex.org/W3013364649","https://openalex.org/W3022336979","https://openalex.org/W3023255543","https://openalex.org/W3024648667","https://openalex.org/W3026638262","https://openalex.org/W3035990434","https://openalex.org/W3038993715","https://openalex.org/W3045075905","https://openalex.org/W3048313648","https://openalex.org/W3062076470","https://openalex.org/W3095490649","https://openalex.org/W3095970200","https://openalex.org/W3096725689","https://openalex.org/W3104953317","https://openalex.org/W3105335960","https://openalex.org/W3105826996","https://openalex.org/W3105952014","https://openalex.org/W3106784868","https://openalex.org/W3108685446","https://openalex.org/W3109254284","https://openalex.org/W3117727812","https://openalex.org/W3119414264","https://openalex.org/W3135565841","https://openalex.org/W3136723806","https://openalex.org/W3145395125","https://openalex.org/W3155438076","https://openalex.org/W3157156894","https://openalex.org/W3160382513","https://openalex.org/W3163895821","https://openalex.org/W3165107603","https://openalex.org/W3175901146","https://openalex.org/W3187700800","https://openalex.org/W3193884101","https://openalex.org/W3197673664","https://openalex.org/W3202755389","https://openalex.org/W3203430088","https://openalex.org/W3204041413","https://openalex.org/W3207255384","https://openalex.org/W3211316654","https://openalex.org/W3214777630","https://openalex.org/W4205890721","https://openalex.org/W4250330495","https://openalex.org/W4281399251","https://openalex.org/W4285237660","https://openalex.org/W4286906772","https://openalex.org/W4288749659","https://openalex.org/W4303709859","https://openalex.org/W4303710083","https://openalex.org/W4308094302","https://openalex.org/W4312766223","https://openalex.org/W4318570676","https://openalex.org/W4322771968","https://openalex.org/W4362612070","https://openalex.org/W4376482646","https://openalex.org/W4383226900","https://openalex.org/W4386396821","https://openalex.org/W4387076916","https://openalex.org/W4389336034","https://openalex.org/W4390901931","https://openalex.org/W4393900071","https://openalex.org/W4394563709","https://openalex.org/W4396229023","https://openalex.org/W4402343061","https://openalex.org/W4402590076","https://openalex.org/W6758645471","https://openalex.org/W6760725638","https://openalex.org/W6768257340","https://openalex.org/W6802098868","https://openalex.org/W6804689012","https://openalex.org/W6856134194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188962172","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W4312825515","https://openalex.org/W4306742369","https://openalex.org/W4303457083","https://openalex.org/W2131146434","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,49],"today's":[1],"digital":[2,10],"age,":[3],"the":[4,50,75,78,85,110,119,123,155],"conversion":[5],"of":[6,23,52,80,87,98,109,157],"hardcopy":[7],"documents":[8,26],"into":[9,131],"formats":[11],"is":[12,59,65,101],"widespread.":[13],"This":[14],"process":[15],"involves":[16],"electronically":[17],"scanning":[18],"and":[19,33,37,47,72,107,117,133,154],"storing":[20],"large":[21],"volumes":[22],"documents.":[24],"These":[25],"come":[27],"from":[28,70],"various":[29],"sources,":[30],"including":[31],"records":[32],"reports,":[34,44],"camera-captured":[35],"text":[36],"screen":[38],"snapshots,":[39],"official":[40],"documents,":[41],"newspapers,":[42],"medical":[43],"music":[45],"scores,":[46],"more.":[48],"domain":[51],"document":[53,60,90,111],"analysis":[54,108],"techniques,":[55],"an":[56,104],"essential":[57],"step":[58],"image":[61,124,137],"binarization.":[62,138],"Its":[63],"goal":[64],"to":[66,102],"eliminate":[67],"unnecessary":[68],"data":[69],"images":[71,91],"preserve":[73],"only":[74],"text.":[76],"Despite":[77],"existence":[79],"multiple":[81],"techniques":[82,132],"for":[83,136,146],"binarization,":[84],"presence":[86],"degradation":[88],"in":[89],"can":[92],"hinder":[93],"their":[94],"efficacy.":[95],"The":[96,139],"objective":[97],"this":[99],"work":[100],"provide":[103],"extensive":[105],"review":[106],"binarization":[112,125,148],"field,":[113],"emphasizing":[114],"its":[115],"importance":[116],"addressing":[118],"challenges":[120],"encountered":[121],"during":[122],"process.":[126],"Additionally,":[127],"it":[128],"provides":[129],"insights":[130],"methods":[134],"employed":[135],"current":[140],"paper":[141],"also":[142],"introduces":[143],"benchmark":[144],"datasets":[145],"evaluating":[147],"accuracy,":[149],"model":[150],"training,":[151],"evaluation":[152],"metrics,":[153],"effectiveness":[156],"recent":[158],"methods.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
