{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405610669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120328","title":"X-Ray Image-Based Real-Time COVID-19 Diagnosis Using Deep Neural Networks (CXR-DNNs)","display_name":"X-Ray Image-Based Real-Time COVID-19 Diagnosis Using Deep Neural Networks (CXR-DNNs)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405610669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120328","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39728225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10120328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120328","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/328/pdf?version=1734595263","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/328/pdf?version=1734595263","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060690042","display_name":"Ali Yousuf Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-9069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Yousuf Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033808524","display_name":"Miguel-\u00c1ngel Luque-Nieto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-2329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miguel-Angel Luque-Nieto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Oceanic Engineering Research, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-2329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanic Engineering Research, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084156684","display_name":"Muhammad Imran Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-9290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34478861","display_name":"Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02n4kqn31","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34478861"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-9290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34478861"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046339751","display_name":"Enrique Nava Baro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7817-6442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Nava-Baro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Oceanic Engineering Research, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7817-6442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanic Engineering Research, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033808524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.0722,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77896416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"328","last_page":"328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9753999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7522632479667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7110252380371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.58458411693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5826684236526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5089445114135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pneumonia","display_name":"Pneumonia","score":0.47242796421051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.47100701928138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.349724680185318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33869096636772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3332287669181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2753983736038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.2165738046169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.13583064079284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.11045828461647034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7522632479667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7110252380371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.58458411693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5826684236526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5089445114135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.47242796421051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.47100701928138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.349724680185318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33869096636772156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3332287669181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2753983736038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.2165738046169281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13583064079284668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.11045828461647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10120328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120328","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/328/pdf?version=1734595263","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39728225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39728225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11728291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11728291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:908669c5dcf54150b72a2d4f4d0839bb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/908669c5dcf54150b72a2d4f4d0839bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 328 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riuma.uma.es:10630/35959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10630/35959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401385","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga (University of M\u00e1laga)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","host_organization_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10120328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120328","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/328/pdf?version=1734595263","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311265","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405610669.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405610669.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763547223","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W3013277995","https://openalex.org/W3014524604","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3016069520","https://openalex.org/W3022592783","https://openalex.org/W3023618360","https://openalex.org/W3083753334","https://openalex.org/W3089168916","https://openalex.org/W3096401021","https://openalex.org/W3104810384","https://openalex.org/W3104951425","https://openalex.org/W3112553257","https://openalex.org/W3155049403","https://openalex.org/W3157722643","https://openalex.org/W3158677053","https://openalex.org/W3192668266","https://openalex.org/W3197261730","https://openalex.org/W3207549851","https://openalex.org/W3211983116","https://openalex.org/W3212240055","https://openalex.org/W3216045725","https://openalex.org/W3216525936","https://openalex.org/W4213117425","https://openalex.org/W4213451779","https://openalex.org/W4226050263","https://openalex.org/W4282944783","https://openalex.org/W4292347793","https://openalex.org/W4308635297","https://openalex.org/W4380682236","https://openalex.org/W6809516324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W4205317059","https://openalex.org/W4224279380","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206651655","https://openalex.org/W4206548596","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W4210433452","https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3084808338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"11":[1],"February":[2],"2020,":[3],"the":[4,54,86,90,96,119,136,182,205,213,218],"prevalent":[5],"outbreak":[6],"of":[7,31,38,85,93,108,121,146,177,200,222],"COVID-19,":[8,147],"a":[9,14,44,66],"coronavirus":[10],"illness,":[11],"was":[12],"declared":[13],"global":[15],"pandemic.":[16],"Since":[17],"then,":[18],"nearly":[19],"seven":[20],"million":[21,28],"people":[22],"have":[23,33],"died":[24],"and":[25,79,131,152,171,220],"over":[26],"765":[27],"confirmed":[29],"cases":[30,145],"COVID-19":[32,49,94,122,223],"been":[34],"reported.":[35],"The":[36],"goal":[37],"this":[39],"study":[40],"is":[41,59,74,95],"to":[42,113,215],"develop":[43],"diagnostic":[45,115,210],"tool":[46,211],"for":[47,69,98,204],"detecting":[48],"infections":[50,123],"more":[51],"efficiently.":[52],"Currently,":[53],"most":[55],"widely":[56],"used":[57],"method":[58],"Reverse":[60],"Transcription":[61],"Polymerase":[62],"Chain":[63],"Reaction":[64],"(RT-PCR),":[65],"clinical":[67],"technique":[68],"infection":[70],"identification.":[71],"However,":[72],"RT-PCR":[73],"expensive,":[75],"has":[76,212],"limited":[77],"sensitivity,":[78],"requires":[80],"specialized":[81],"medical":[82],"expertise.":[83],"One":[84],"major":[87],"challenges":[88],"in":[89,142],"rapid":[91],"diagnosis":[92],"need":[97],"reliable":[99],"imaging,":[100],"particularly":[101],"X-ray":[102,126,202],"imaging.":[103],"This":[104,208],"work":[105],"takes":[106],"advantage":[107],"artificial":[109],"intelligence":[110],"(AI)":[111],"techniques":[112,158],"enhance":[114,217],"accuracy":[116,176,221],"by":[117],"automating":[118],"detection":[120],"from":[124,135,162],"chest":[125,201],"(CXR)":[127],"images.":[128],"We":[129],"obtained":[130],"analyzed":[132],"CXR":[133],"images":[134,141,203],"Kaggle":[137],"public":[138],"database":[139],"(4035":[140],"total),":[143],"including":[144],"viral":[148],"pneumonia,":[149],"pulmonary":[150],"opacity,":[151],"healthy":[153],"controls.":[154],"By":[155],"integrating":[156],"advanced":[157],"with":[159,185],"transfer":[160],"learning":[161],"pre-trained":[163],"convolutional":[164],"neural":[165],"networks":[166],"(CNNs),":[167],"specifically":[168],"InceptionV3,":[169],"ResNet50,":[170],"Xception,":[172],"we":[173],"achieved":[174,184],"an":[175],"95%,":[178],"significantly":[179,216],"higher":[180],"than":[181],"85.5%":[183],"ResNet50":[186],"alone.":[187],"Additionally,":[188],"our":[189],"proposed":[190],"method,":[191],"CXR-DNNs,":[192],"can":[193],"accurately":[194],"distinguish":[195],"between":[196],"three":[197],"different":[198],"types":[199],"first":[206],"time.":[207],"computer-assisted":[209],"potential":[214],"speed":[219],"diagnoses.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
