{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405425274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120324","title":"Exploiting 2D Neural Network Frameworks for 3D Segmentation Through Depth Map Analytics of Harvested Wild Blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)","display_name":"Exploiting 2D Neural Network Frameworks for 3D Segmentation Through Depth Map Analytics of Harvested Wild Blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405425274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120324","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39728221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10120324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/324/pdf?version=1734256123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/324/pdf?version=1734256123","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104151032","display_name":"Connor C. Mullins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4633-0941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connor C. Mullins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4633-0941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018355887","display_name":"Travis J. Esau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1513-1471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Travis J. Esau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1513-1471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058038111","display_name":"Qamar uz Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4015-5256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qamar U. Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014027579","display_name":"Ahmad Al-Mallahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-530X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad A. Al-Mallahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047448010","display_name":"Aitazaz A. Farooque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-6752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22188714","display_name":"University of Prince Edward Island","ror":"https://ror.org/02xh9x144","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22188714"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aitazaz A. Farooque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Center for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St Peters Bay, PE C0A 2A0, Canada","Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada","Facultyl of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Center for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St Peters Bay, PE C0A 2A0, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22188714"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22188714"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultyl of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22188714"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018355887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.28,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88941912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"324","last_page":"324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7279603481292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6850219368934631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6647919416427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5961955189704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.515754222869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4798021614551544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4727657437324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4276784658432007}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7279603481292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6850219368934631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6647919416427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5961955189704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.515754222869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4798021614551544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4727657437324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4276784658432007}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10120324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/324/pdf?version=1734256123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39728221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39728221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11676057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11676057","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11676057/pdf/jimaging-10-00324.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a4637d9d9b474c93926b5dad2355be15","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a4637d9d9b474c93926b5dad2355be15","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 324 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10120324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10120324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/12/324/pdf?version=1734256123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2052712227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-06295-2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321629","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405425274.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990113270","https://openalex.org/W2007176509","https://openalex.org/W2402754558","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2592194291","https://openalex.org/W2781708619","https://openalex.org/W2795665968","https://openalex.org/W2902984213","https://openalex.org/W2925449641","https://openalex.org/W2991695282","https://openalex.org/W2998489076","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3027917055","https://openalex.org/W3116628835","https://openalex.org/W3133277069","https://openalex.org/W3137588588","https://openalex.org/W3206357583","https://openalex.org/W3210063163","https://openalex.org/W4200410255","https://openalex.org/W4280641819","https://openalex.org/W4286579600","https://openalex.org/W4288460555","https://openalex.org/W4312174354","https://openalex.org/W4385805034","https://openalex.org/W4386032930","https://openalex.org/W4386396711","https://openalex.org/W4386933625","https://openalex.org/W4389428575","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4399679658","https://openalex.org/W6749937703","https://openalex.org/W6838555678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2486460843","https://openalex.org/W2168109476","https://openalex.org/W1968121071","https://openalex.org/W2061647633","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W2020254986","https://openalex.org/W2686985752","https://openalex.org/W1992540108","https://openalex.org/W4389858081","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,29,172],"study":[1,173],"introduced":[2],"a":[3,11,104,113],"novel":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,16,40],"3D":[7,42,182],"image":[8],"segmentation":[9,70,124,159,183],"utilizing":[10],"neural":[12,57],"network":[13,58],"framework":[14],"applied":[15],"2D":[17],"depth":[18,164],"map":[19],"imagery,":[20],"with":[21,82,103],"Z":[22],"axis":[23],"values":[24],"visualized":[25],"through":[26,50],"color":[27],"gradation.":[28],"research":[30],"involved":[31],"comprehensive":[32],"data":[33],"collection":[34],"from":[35,60],"mechanically":[36],"harvested":[37],"wild":[38],"blueberries":[39],"populate":[41],"and":[43,52,63,112,133,143,149,196],"red\u2013green\u2013blue":[44],"(RGB)":[45],"images":[46,168],"of":[47,86,110,118,123,161],"filled":[48],"totes":[49],"time-of-flight":[51],"RGB":[53,167],"cameras,":[54],"respectively.":[55],"Advanced":[56],"models":[59,130,162],"the":[61,73,92,128,157,177],"YOLOv8":[62,74],"Detectron2":[64,93,139],"frameworks":[65],"were":[66],"assessed":[67],"for":[68,180],"their":[69],"capabilities.":[71],"Notably,":[72],"models,":[75,94],"particularly":[76],"YOLOv8n-seg,":[77],"demonstrated":[78],"superior":[79,158],"processing":[80],"efficiency,":[81],"an":[83],"average":[84],"time":[85],"18.10":[87],"ms,":[88,98],"significantly":[89],"faster":[90],"than":[91],"which":[95],"exceeded":[96],"57":[97],"while":[99],"maintaining":[100],"high":[101],"performance":[102,160],"mean":[105],"intersection":[106],"over":[107,166],"union":[108],"(IoU)":[109],"0.944":[111],"Matthew\u2019s":[114],"correlation":[115],"coefficient":[116],"(MCC)":[117],"0.957.":[119],"A":[120],"qualitative":[121],"comparison":[122],"masks":[125],"indicated":[126],"that":[127,189],"YOLO":[129],"produced":[131],"smoother":[132],"more":[134],"accurate":[135],"object":[136],"boundaries,":[137],"whereas":[138],"showed":[140],"jagged":[141],"edges":[142],"under-segmentation.":[144],"Statistical":[145],"analyses,":[146],"including":[147],"ANOVA":[148],"Tukey\u2019s":[150],"HSD":[151],"test":[152],"(\u03b1":[153],"=":[154],"0.05),":[155],"confirmed":[156],"on":[163],"maps":[165],"(p":[169],"<":[170],"0.001).":[171],"concludes":[174],"by":[175],"recommending":[176],"YOLOv8n-seg":[178],"model":[179],"real-time":[181],"in":[184],"precision":[185],"agriculture,":[186],"providing":[187],"insights":[188],"can":[190],"enhance":[191],"volume":[192],"estimation,":[193],"yield":[194],"prediction,":[195],"resource":[197],"management":[198],"practices.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}