{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401749008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080203","title":"Automatic Classification of Nodules from 2D Ultrasound Images Using Deep Learning Networks","display_name":"Automatic Classification of Nodules from 2D Ultrasound Images Using Deep Learning Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401749008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080203","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39194992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10080203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/203/pdf?version=1724332744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/203/pdf?version=1724332744","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106654421","display_name":"Tewele W. Tareke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177064439","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1bsr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tewele W. Tareke","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071327781","display_name":"Sarah Leclerc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-0292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177064439","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1bsr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Leclerc","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062323250","display_name":"C. Vuillemin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131244","display_name":"Institut R\u00e9gional d'Administration de Bastia","ror":"https://ror.org/02k139m61","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131244"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Vuillemin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Department, Hospital of Bastia, 20600 Bastia, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Department, Hospital of Bastia, 20600 Bastia, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032801797","display_name":"P. Buffier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142595","display_name":"Maison des Sciences sociales et des Humanit\u00e9s de Dijon","ror":"https://ror.org/04ejcwb57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142595","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perrine Buffier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002894599","display_name":"E. Crevisy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142595","display_name":"Maison des Sciences sociales et des Humanit\u00e9s de Dijon","ror":"https://ror.org/04ejcwb57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142595","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elodie Crevisy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109356987","display_name":"Amandine Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142595","display_name":"Maison des Sciences sociales et des Humanit\u00e9s de Dijon","ror":"https://ror.org/04ejcwb57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142595","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amandine Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106654422","display_name":"Marie-Paule Monnier Meteau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142595","display_name":"Maison des Sciences sociales et des Humanit\u00e9s de Dijon","ror":"https://ror.org/04ejcwb57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142595","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie-Paule Monnier Meteau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055646861","display_name":"Pauline Legris","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142595","display_name":"Maison des Sciences sociales et des Humanit\u00e9s de Dijon","ror":"https://ror.org/04ejcwb57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142595","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pauline Legris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030869562","display_name":"S. Angiolini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131244","display_name":"Institut R\u00e9gional d'Administration de Bastia","ror":"https://ror.org/02k139m61","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131244"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serge Angiolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Department, Hospital of Bastia, 20600 Bastia, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Department, Hospital of Bastia, 20600 Bastia, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131244"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014239609","display_name":"Alain Lalande","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7970-366X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177064439","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1bsr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177064439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142595","display_name":"Maison des Sciences sociales et des Humanit\u00e9s de Dijon","ror":"https://ror.org/04ejcwb57","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210142595","https://openalex.org/I4210150854","https://openalex.org/I4405253280"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alain Lalande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France","ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7970-366X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d\u2019Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, University of Burgundy, 7 Bld Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014239609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I177064439","https://openalex.org/I4210142595"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.5347,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68733109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"203","last_page":"203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.7767000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.7767000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.1257999986410141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.02329999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid-nodules","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","score":0.8540850877761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8509911298751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7692344784736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6786653995513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.677951455116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5294299721717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.429476797580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.4205942451953888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.41822999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40029826760292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.31284648180007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.28655415773391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thyroid","display_name":"Thyroid","score":0.25866711139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.16938629746437073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779022025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53829","display_name":"Thyroid nodules","level":3,"score":0.8540850877761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8509911298751831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7692344784736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6786653995513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.677951455116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5294299721717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.429476797580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4205942451953888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.41822999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40029826760292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.31284648180007935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28655415773391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526584372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16399","display_name":"Thyroid","level":2,"score":0.25866711139678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.16938629746437073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10080203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/203/pdf?version=1724332744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39194992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39194992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11355778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11355778","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11355778/pdf/jimaging-10-00203.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04574530377848dfbcc8f8a5cbdd3128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04574530377848dfbcc8f8a5cbdd3128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 8, p 203 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10080203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/203/pdf?version=1724332744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401749008.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517811072","https://openalex.org/W1584308190","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W2100319195","https://openalex.org/W2106918855","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2463704661","https://openalex.org/W2620743683","https://openalex.org/W2735666957","https://openalex.org/W2742257046","https://openalex.org/W2766191760","https://openalex.org/W2766712571","https://openalex.org/W2792449977","https://openalex.org/W2794830684","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2911188335","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2956423933","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3013244916","https://openalex.org/W3039557021","https://openalex.org/W3043966529","https://openalex.org/W3087177731","https://openalex.org/W3164440405","https://openalex.org/W3172943905","https://openalex.org/W3188481251","https://openalex.org/W4200473996","https://openalex.org/W4281731548","https://openalex.org/W4292257774","https://openalex.org/W4308364550","https://openalex.org/W4318486313","https://openalex.org/W4388668091","https://openalex.org/W4389403333","https://openalex.org/W6630924636","https://openalex.org/W7073939938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4312407344","https://openalex.org/W2894289927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"In":[1],"clinical":[2,261],"practice,":[3],"thyroid":[4,32,56,76,98,222],"nodules":[5,33,77,108,223],"are":[6,109],"typically":[7],"visually":[8,30],"evaluated":[9],"by":[10],"expert":[11],"physicians":[12],"using":[13,78],"2D":[14],"ultrasound":[15,35,57,135,230],"images.":[16,231],"Based":[17],"on":[18,85,103,195],"their":[19],"assessment,":[20],"a":[21,79,215,245],"fine":[22,41],"needle":[23,42],"aspiration":[24],"(FNA)":[25],"may":[26,37],"be":[27],"recommended.":[28],"However,":[29],"classifying":[31,75],"from":[34,229],"images":[36,100],"lead":[38],"to":[39,52,61,160,235,256],"unnecessary":[40,63,258],"aspirations":[43],"for":[44,74,208],"patients.":[45],"The":[46,94,117,189],"aim":[47],"of":[48,132,180,183,187,191,204],"this":[49,121],"study":[50],"is":[51,72],"develop":[53],"an":[54,91,177],"automatic":[55,67],"image":[58,127,136,236],"classification":[59,207,247],"system":[60,71],"prevent":[62],"FNAs.":[64],"METHODS:":[65],"An":[66],"computer-aided":[68],"artificial":[69],"intelligence":[70],"proposed":[73],"fine-tuned":[80],"deep":[81,216],"learning":[82,217],"model":[83,143,162],"based":[84,102],"the":[86,104,130,196,202,205,209],"DenseNet":[87],"architecture,":[88],"which":[89],"incorporates":[90],"attention":[92],"module.":[93],"dataset":[95],"comprises":[96],"591":[97],"nodule":[99],"categorized":[101],"Bethesda":[105],"score.":[106],"Thyroid":[107],"classified":[110],"as":[111,149,224],"either":[112],"requiring":[113,225],"FNA":[114,226],"or":[115,227],"not.":[116],"challenges":[118,233],"encountered":[119],"in":[120,126,134,260],"task":[122],"include":[123],"managing":[124],"variability":[125],"quality,":[128],"addressing":[129],"presence":[131],"artifacts":[133],"datasets,":[137],"tackling":[138],"class":[139,152,156,238],"imbalance,":[140,239],"and":[141,154,164,185,199,240],"ensuring":[142],"interpretability.":[144],"We":[145,213],"employed":[146],"techniques":[147],"such":[148],"data":[150],"augmentation,":[151],"weighting,":[153],"gradient-weighted":[155],"activation":[157],"maps":[158],"(Grad-CAM)":[159],"enhance":[161],"performance":[163],"provide":[165],"insights":[166,194],"into":[167],"decision":[168,197],"making.":[169],"RESULTS:":[170],"Our":[171],"approach":[172],"achieved":[173],"excellent":[174],"results":[175],"with":[176,249],"average":[178],"accuracy":[179,248],"0.94,":[181],"F1-score":[182],"0.93,":[184],"sensitivity":[186],"0.96.":[188],"use":[190],"Grad-CAM":[192],"gives":[193],"making":[198],"then":[200],"reinforce":[201],"reliability":[203],"binary":[206],"end-user":[210],"perspective.":[211],"CONCLUSIONS:":[212],"propose":[214],"architecture":[218],"that":[219],"effectively":[220],"classifies":[221],"not":[228],"Despite":[232],"related":[234],"variability,":[237],"interpretability,":[241],"our":[242],"method":[243],"demonstrated":[244],"high":[246],"minimal":[250],"false":[251],"negatives,":[252],"showing":[253],"its":[254],"potential":[255],"reduce":[257],"FNAs":[259],"settings.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}