{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401534507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080197","title":"A Multi-Scale Target Detection Method Using an Improved Faster Region Convolutional Neural Network Based on Enhanced Backbone and Optimized Mechanisms","display_name":"A Multi-Scale Target Detection Method Using an Improved Faster Region Convolutional Neural Network Based on Enhanced Backbone and Optimized Mechanisms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401534507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080197","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39194986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10080197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080197","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/197/pdf?version=1723562834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/197/pdf?version=1723562834","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072063916","display_name":"Qian\u2010Yong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0996-9606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032129283","display_name":"Mengshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-4185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-4185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111288708","display_name":"Zhenghui Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghui Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108047893","display_name":"Jihong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-1211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031637957","display_name":"Lixin Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-5678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Electronic Information, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032129283"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":1.1587,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79516985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"197","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8457096815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6695845127105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6238292455673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.592903733253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.519652247428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5092886686325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.46503183245658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4567921459674835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4279487729072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4174134135246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.41303712129592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3212355971336365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8457096815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6695845127105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6238292455673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.592903733253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.519652247428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5092886686325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.46503183245658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4567921459674835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4279487729072571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4174134135246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.41303712129592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3212355971336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10080197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080197","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/197/pdf?version=1723562834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39194986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39194986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11355408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11355408","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11355408/pdf/jimaging-10-00197.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee14f43a418b4dd288316a073d05698c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee14f43a418b4dd288316a073d05698c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 8, p 197 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10080197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10080197","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/8/197/pdf?version=1723562834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2620414855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52063002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3351570083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61741202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4239325513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51663001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7359646709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42061067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401534507.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2887657789","https://openalex.org/W2953151638","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2982363097","https://openalex.org/W2990763144","https://openalex.org/W2991844793","https://openalex.org/W3003544448","https://openalex.org/W3009886659","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3130900697","https://openalex.org/W3154571917","https://openalex.org/W3172752666","https://openalex.org/W3179916213","https://openalex.org/W4200553788","https://openalex.org/W4210851927","https://openalex.org/W4211088651","https://openalex.org/W4213436958","https://openalex.org/W4226241799","https://openalex.org/W4280585723","https://openalex.org/W4289130107","https://openalex.org/W4292337114","https://openalex.org/W4307250459","https://openalex.org/W4313367449","https://openalex.org/W4315498985","https://openalex.org/W4319235394","https://openalex.org/W4321459483","https://openalex.org/W4321843798","https://openalex.org/W4327522584","https://openalex.org/W4327656064","https://openalex.org/W4367397178","https://openalex.org/W4368228133","https://openalex.org/W4384296656","https://openalex.org/W4386265859","https://openalex.org/W4388469867","https://openalex.org/W4396796002","https://openalex.org/W4399297220","https://openalex.org/W6758662331","https://openalex.org/W6809460470","https://openalex.org/W6842413092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4292672442","https://openalex.org/W2362101859","https://openalex.org/W2791431590","https://openalex.org/W2941610985","https://openalex.org/W4235810826","https://openalex.org/W2350688482","https://openalex.org/W2122135111","https://openalex.org/W2053575972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"existing":[1],"deep":[2],"learning":[3],"methods":[4],"exhibit":[5],"many":[6,191],"limitations":[7],"in":[8,38,168,182],"multi-target":[9],"detection,":[10],"such":[11,193],"as":[12,194],"low":[13],"accuracy":[14,152],"and":[15,21,86,97,101,127,153,173,188,199],"high":[16],"rates":[17],"of":[18,62,104,170],"false":[19],"detection":[20,64,125,151,159],"missed":[22,109],"detections.":[23],"This":[24,42],"paper":[25,184],"proposes":[26],"an":[27],"improved":[28,143,162],"Faster":[29,49,144,163],"R-CNN":[30,145,164],"algorithm,":[31],"aiming":[32],"to":[33,121,140,146,156],"enhance":[34],"the":[35,52,56,63,73,95,102,114,142,157,161],"algorithm's":[36],"capability":[37],"detecting":[39],"multi-scale":[40,133],"targets.":[41],"algorithm":[43,54,75],"has":[44],"three":[45],"improvements":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48],"R-CNN.":[50],"Firstly,":[51],"new":[53,74],"uses":[55],"ResNet101":[57],"network":[58],"for":[59,190],"feature":[60,69],"extraction":[61,70],"image,":[65],"which":[66,93],"achieves":[67],"stronger":[68],"capabilities.":[71],"Secondly,":[72],"integrates":[76],"Online":[77],"Hard":[78],"Example":[79],"Mining":[80],"(OHEM),":[81],"Soft":[82],"non-maximum":[83],"suppression":[84],"(Soft-NMS),":[85],"Distance":[87],"Intersection":[88],"Over":[89],"Union":[90],"(DIOU)":[91],"modules,":[92],"improves":[94],"positive":[96],"negative":[98],"sample":[99],"imbalance":[100],"problem":[103],"small":[105],"targets":[106],"being":[107],"easily":[108],"during":[110],"model":[111,180],"training.":[112],"Finally,":[113],"Region":[115],"Proposal":[116],"Network":[117],"(RPN)":[118],"is":[119,137],"simplified":[120],"achieve":[122,147],"a":[123,128,148],"faster":[124],"speed":[126],"lower":[129],"miss":[130,176],"rate.":[131],"The":[132,179],"training":[134],"(MST)":[135],"strategy":[136],"also":[138],"used":[139],"train":[141],"balance":[149],"between":[150],"efficiency.":[154],"Compared":[155],"other":[158],"models,":[160],"demonstrates":[165],"significant":[166],"advantages":[167],"terms":[169],"mAP@0.5,":[171],"F1-score,":[172],"Log":[174],"average":[175],"rate":[177],"(LAMR).":[178],"proposed":[181],"this":[183],"provides":[185],"valuable":[186],"insights":[187],"inspiration":[189],"fields,":[192],"smart":[195],"agriculture,":[196],"medical":[197],"diagnosis,":[198],"face":[200],"recognition.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
