{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399742759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146","title":"Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection","display_name":"Analysis of Gloss Unevenness and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function in Specular Reflection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399742759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38921623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10060146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/146/pdf?version=1718607996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/146/pdf?version=1718607996","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102268865","display_name":"So Nakamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"So Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Imaging Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072222695","display_name":"Shinichi Inoue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31618427","display_name":"Tokyo Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/035kpke84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31618427"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinichi Inoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi 243-0297, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583 Iiyama, Atsugi 243-0297, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31618427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113820051","display_name":"Yoshinori Igarashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshinori Igarashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chuo Precision Industrial Co., Ltd., 65 Shirasaka Miwadai, Shirakawa 961-0835, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chuo Precision Industrial Co., Ltd., 65 Shirasaka Miwadai, Shirakawa 961-0835, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065933455","display_name":"Hiromi Sat\u014d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-1203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiromi Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-1203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061312710","display_name":"Yoko Mizokami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7678-5463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoko Mizokami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7678-5463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061312710","https://openalex.org/A5102268865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.5956,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82172074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"146","last_page":"146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gloss","display_name":"Gloss (optics)","score":0.9964370727539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.9339019060134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specular-reflection","display_name":"Specular reflection","score":0.9205796718597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6728456020355225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.43387091159820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffuse-reflection","display_name":"Diffuse reflection","score":0.422085165977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectivity","display_name":"Reflectivity","score":0.4168910086154938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2017090916633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.06775805354118347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143025027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900581","display_name":"Gloss (optics)","level":3,"score":0.9964370727539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.9339019060134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.9205796718597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6728456020355225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.43387091159820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82261727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154504","display_name":"Diffuse reflection","level":2,"score":0.422085165977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.4168910086154938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2017090916633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.06775805354118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570182","display_name":"Coating","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10060146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/146/pdf?version=1718607996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38921623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38921623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11205054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11205054","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11205054/pdf/jimaging-10-00146.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1fa80ab660e45988f6c3ad910967347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b1fa80ab660e45988f6c3ad910967347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 146 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10060146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060146","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/146/pdf?version=1718607996","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1003288090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP21K11954","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2754618020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPJSCCB20220006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3062124818","display_name":"Construction of a SHITSUKAN lighting environment considering visual diversity","funder_award_id":"24K03024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7830393026","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP19H04196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325182","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399742759.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515325791","https://openalex.org/W1976250986","https://openalex.org/W1978331629","https://openalex.org/W1984601270","https://openalex.org/W1991502608","https://openalex.org/W1993349977","https://openalex.org/W2000139664","https://openalex.org/W2017870736","https://openalex.org/W2057788268","https://openalex.org/W2058480863","https://openalex.org/W2074834700","https://openalex.org/W2076226401","https://openalex.org/W2088732110","https://openalex.org/W2093438023","https://openalex.org/W2094872233","https://openalex.org/W2152176016","https://openalex.org/W2166150182","https://openalex.org/W2313950727","https://openalex.org/W2314034509","https://openalex.org/W2324428156","https://openalex.org/W2330126220","https://openalex.org/W2335029454","https://openalex.org/W2398358194","https://openalex.org/W2402026173","https://openalex.org/W2585748667","https://openalex.org/W2762526322","https://openalex.org/W2930228723","https://openalex.org/W2985928608","https://openalex.org/W3012528496","https://openalex.org/W4224297875","https://openalex.org/W4252852984","https://openalex.org/W4280619093","https://openalex.org/W4378009177","https://openalex.org/W6713220128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077498026","https://openalex.org/W4386352471","https://openalex.org/W4252852984","https://openalex.org/W2433018329","https://openalex.org/W4252632443","https://openalex.org/W2016549387","https://openalex.org/W2084056957","https://openalex.org/W2389779348","https://openalex.org/W2096580986","https://openalex.org/W2025159853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gloss":[0,14],"is":[1,16,151],"associated":[2],"significantly":[3],"with":[4,96],"material":[5],"appearance,":[6],"and":[7,46,69,108,122,129,131,139],"observers":[8],"often":[9],"focus":[10],"on":[11,175],"gloss":[12,57,89,106,149,172],"unevenness.":[13],"unevenness":[15,90,107,150,173],"the":[17,30,43,51,64,74,94,105,146,152,158,161,176],"intensity":[18,65],"distribution":[19,77],"of":[20,63,66,100,112,148,160],"reflected":[21],"light":[22],"observed":[23],"within":[24,42],"a":[25,116],"highlight":[26,44],"area,":[27],"that":[28,91,145],"is,":[29],"variability.":[31],"However,":[32],"it":[33,39],"cannot":[34],"be":[35],"analyzed":[36,60],"easily":[37],"because":[38],"exists":[40],"only":[41],"area":[45],"varies":[47],"in":[48,61,110],"appearance":[49],"across":[50],"reflection":[52,68,163],"angles.":[53],"In":[54,80],"recent":[55],"years,":[56],"has":[58],"been":[59],"terms":[62,111],"specular":[67,113,162],"its":[70],"angular":[71,98,118],"spread,":[72],"or":[73],"bidirectional":[75],"reflectance":[76],"function":[78],"(BRDF).":[79],"this":[81],"study,":[82],"we":[83,103,120],"develop":[84],"an":[85,97,167],"apparatus":[86],"to":[87],"measure":[88,121],"can":[92],"alter":[93],"angle":[95],"resolution":[99],"0.02\u00b0.":[101],"Additionally,":[102],"analyze":[104,123],"BRDF":[109],"reflection.":[114],"Using":[115],"high":[117],"resolution,":[119],"high-gloss":[124],"materials,":[125,133],"such":[126,134],"as":[127,135],"mirrors":[128],"plastics,":[130],"glossy":[132],"photo-like":[136],"inkjet":[137],"paper":[138],"coated":[140],"paper.":[141],"Our":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"magnitude":[147],"largest":[153],"at":[154],"angles":[155],"marginally":[156],"off":[157],"center":[159],"angle.":[164],"We":[165],"discuss":[166],"approach":[168],"for":[169],"physically":[170],"defining":[171],"based":[174],"BRDF.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}