{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398202149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060127","title":"Enabling Low-Dose In Vivo Benchtop X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography through Deep-Learning-Based Denoising","display_name":"Enabling Low-Dose In Vivo Benchtop X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography through Deep-Learning-Based Denoising","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398202149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060127","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38921604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10060127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060127","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/127/pdf?version=1716389779","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/127/pdf?version=1716389779","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042736567","display_name":"Naghmeh Mahmoodian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4963-0495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naghmeh Mahmoodian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4963-0495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057739195","display_name":"Mohammad Rezapourian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1810-6511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Rezapourian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1810-6511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094185025","display_name":"Asim Abdulsamad Inamdar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asim Abdulsamad Inamdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101943388","display_name":"Kunal Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-7285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunal Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-7285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022510144","display_name":"Melanie Fachet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-4057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melanie Fachet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-4057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067925173","display_name":"Christoph Hoeschen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4240-1107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Hoeschen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4240-1107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042736567"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3776,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61267615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"127","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.7160617709159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6658110618591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.618293046951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5716629028320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5584788918495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4897751808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.45575445890426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4095025658607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.21063801646232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07100117206573486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.7160617709159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6658110618591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.618293046951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5716629028320312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5584788918495178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4897751808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.45575445890426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4095025658607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21063801646232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07100117206573486}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10060127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060127","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/127/pdf?version=1716389779","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38921604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38921604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11204716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11204716","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11204716/pdf/jimaging-10-00127.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89eaa5e0843b4d62b2fec047e542a47d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89eaa5e0843b4d62b2fec047e542a47d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 127 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10060127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10060127","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/6/127/pdf?version=1716389779","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398202149.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36432640","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1906770428","https://openalex.org/W1964569755","https://openalex.org/W1992201949","https://openalex.org/W2046031025","https://openalex.org/W2056370875","https://openalex.org/W2061294304","https://openalex.org/W2077646121","https://openalex.org/W2079670687","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2130975789","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2463055224","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2584483805","https://openalex.org/W2744773379","https://openalex.org/W2798278116","https://openalex.org/W2883705326","https://openalex.org/W2899262232","https://openalex.org/W2902857081","https://openalex.org/W2918478736","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2938418833","https://openalex.org/W2944263461","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963725279","https://openalex.org/W2964046397","https://openalex.org/W2965317097","https://openalex.org/W3017658826","https://openalex.org/W3041969977","https://openalex.org/W3047011367","https://openalex.org/W3082954719","https://openalex.org/W3095556331","https://openalex.org/W3126582326","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3167568784","https://openalex.org/W3198883669","https://openalex.org/W3207918547","https://openalex.org/W3208216270","https://openalex.org/W4212813909","https://openalex.org/W4213218085","https://openalex.org/W4225538054","https://openalex.org/W4254422382","https://openalex.org/W4312812783","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4366589796","https://openalex.org/W4382981717","https://openalex.org/W4384559194","https://openalex.org/W6601477728","https://openalex.org/W6776756942","https://openalex.org/W6800922315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W3034789145","https://openalex.org/W4367628250","https://openalex.org/W4385545089","https://openalex.org/W1429902097"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"X-ray":[0,21,83,105],"Fluorescence":[1],"Computed":[2],"Tomography":[3],"(XFCT)":[4],"is":[5,94,119,133],"an":[6,73],"emerging":[7],"non-invasive":[8],"imaging":[9,41,220],"technique":[10],"providing":[11],"high-resolution":[12],"molecular-level":[13],"data.":[14],"However,":[15],"increased":[16],"sensitivity":[17,226],"with":[18,147,163],"current":[19],"benchtop":[20],"sources":[22],"comes":[23],"at":[24,87],"the":[25,47,154,208,213,223],"cost":[26],"of":[27,49,166,170,210],"high":[28],"radiation":[29,228],"exposure.":[30,229],"Artificial":[31],"Intelligence":[32],"(AI),":[33],"particularly":[34,202],"deep":[35],"learning":[36],"(DL),":[37],"has":[38],"revolutionized":[39],"medical":[40],"by":[42,221],"delivering":[43],"high-quality":[44,158],"images":[45,86,159],"in":[46,67,82,195,203,216],"presence":[48],"noise.":[50],"In":[51],"XFCT,":[52],"traditional":[53],"methods":[54],"rely":[55],"on":[56,127],"complex":[57],"algorithms":[58],"for":[59,78,104],"background":[60,79,128],"noise":[61,80,129],"reduction,":[62],"but":[63],"AI":[64],"holds":[65],"promise":[66],"addressing":[68],"high-dose":[69],"concerns.":[70],"We":[71],"present":[72],"optimized":[74],"Swin-Conv-UNet":[75],"(SCUNet)":[76],"model":[77,118,173],"reduction":[81],"fluorescence":[84],"(XRF)":[85],"low":[88],"tracer":[89],"concentrations.":[90],"Our":[91],"method's":[92],"effectiveness":[93],"evaluated":[95],"against":[96],"higher-dose":[97],"images,":[98],"while":[99],"various":[100],"denoising":[101,188],"techniques":[102],"exist":[103],"and":[106,121,140,168,176,181,193,199,227],"computed":[107],"tomography":[108],"(CT)":[109],"techniques,":[110],"only":[111],"a":[112],"few":[113],"address":[114],"XFCT.":[115],"The":[116,172],"DL":[117],"trained":[120],"assessed":[122],"using":[123,135],"augmented":[124],"data,":[125],"focusing":[126],"reduction.":[130],"Image":[131],"quality":[132],"measured":[134],"peak":[136],"signal-to-noise":[137],"ratio":[138],"(PSNR)":[139],"structural":[141],"similarity":[142],"index":[143],"(SSIM),":[144],"comparing":[145],"outcomes":[146],"100%":[148],"X-ray-dose":[149],"images.":[150],"Results":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"that":[153],"proposed":[155],"algorithm":[156],"yields":[157],"from":[160],"low-dose":[161],"inputs,":[162],"maximum":[164],"PSNR":[165],"39.05":[167],"SSIM":[169],"0.86.":[171],"outperforms":[174],"block-matching":[175,180],"3D":[177],"filtering":[178,183],"(BM3D),":[179],"4D":[182],"(BM4D),":[184],"non-local":[185],"means":[186],"(NLM),":[187],"convolutional":[189],"neural":[190],"network":[191],"(DnCNN),":[192],"SCUNet":[194,214],"both":[196],"visual":[197],"inspection":[198],"quantitative":[200],"analysis,":[201],"high-noise":[204],"scenarios.":[205],"This":[206],"indicates":[207],"potential":[209],"AI,":[211],"specifically":[212],"model,":[215],"significantly":[217],"improving":[218],"XFCT":[219],"mitigating":[222],"trade-off":[224],"between":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
