{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391692539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10020045","title":"Exploration of Interpretability Techniques for Deep COVID-19 Classification Using Chest X-ray Images","display_name":"Exploration of Interpretability Techniques for Deep COVID-19 Classification Using Chest X-ray Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391692539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10020045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38392093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10020045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10020045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/2/45/pdf?version=1707471062","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/2/45/pdf?version=1707471062","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067703063","display_name":"Soumick Chatterjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-1188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115812","display_name":"Human Technopole","ror":"https://ror.org/029gmnc79","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115812"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumick Chatterjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data and Knowledge Engineering Group, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Genomics Research Centre, Human Technopole, 20157 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-1188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data and Knowledge Engineering Group, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Genomics Research Centre, Human Technopole, 20157 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026073199","display_name":"Fatima Saad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-4292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-4292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007759025","display_name":"Chompunuch Sarasaen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-2263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chompunuch Sarasaen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Institute for Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-2263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041024295","display_name":"Suhita Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5553-585X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhita Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Lab, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Lab, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092241797","display_name":"Valerie Krug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4729-1840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie Krug","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Lab, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Lab, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012279156","display_name":"Rupali Khatun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9682-5888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088053","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen","ror":"https://ror.org/0030f2a11","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["DE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rupali Khatun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111127387","display_name":"Rahul Mishra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122887","display_name":"Apollo Hospitals","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcmhq47","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122887"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apollo Hospitals, Bilaspur 495006, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apollo Hospitals, Bilaspur 495006, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112853974","display_name":"Nirja Desai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135845","display_name":"HCG Cancer Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03rppfx49","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113515","https://openalex.org/I4210135845"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirja Desai","raw_affiliation_strings":["HCG Cancer Centre, Vadodara 390012, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HCG Cancer Centre, Vadodara 390012, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083867344","display_name":"Petia Radeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0047-5172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153096","display_name":"Computer Vision Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00s0nnj93","country_code":null,"type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153040","https://openalex.org/I4387153096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71999127","display_name":"Universitat de Barcelona","ror":"https://ror.org/021018s57","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petia Radeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain","Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision Centre, 08193 Cerdanyola, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71999127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022172450","display_name":"Georg Rose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2215-150X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126587","display_name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1zwe41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126587","https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg Rose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Institute for Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034558147","display_name":"Sebastian Stober","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-4133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Stober","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Lab, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-4133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Lab, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055725293","display_name":"Oliver Speck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6019-5597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801533059","display_name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043j0f473","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2801533059","https://openalex.org/I4405256427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126587","display_name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1zwe41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126587","https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Speck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6019-5597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801533059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075663234","display_name":"Andreas N\u00fcrnberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-0624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126587","display_name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1zwe41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126587","https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas N\u00fcrnberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Data and Knowledge Engineering Group, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-0624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Behavioural Brain Sciences, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data and Knowledge Engineering Group, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067703063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115812","https://openalex.org/I95793202"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":5.6637,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96248499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"45","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9763000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9751944541931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7264058589935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6182101964950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5874994397163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.5254473090171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.5179706811904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.48792192339897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4804270267486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44347426295280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4401968717575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.25412213802337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.17893362045288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.14328345656394958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9751944541931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7264058589935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6182101964950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5874994397163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.5254473090171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.5179706811904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.48792192339897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4804270267486572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44347426295280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4401968717575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25412213802337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.17893362045288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.14328345656394958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10020045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10020045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/2/45/pdf?version=1707471062","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38392093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38392093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10889835","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10889835","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889835/pdf/jimaging-10-00045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd3f0a00b63d47ca8cfe2785bba65def","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd3f0a00b63d47ca8cfe2785bba65def","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 2, p 45 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10020045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10020045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/2/45/pdf?version=1707471062","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3677578851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13GW0473B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7218571448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13GW0473A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391692539.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2110290656","https://openalex.org/W2133223948","https://openalex.org/W2146241755","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2518775244","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2718738457","https://openalex.org/W2795268824","https://openalex.org/W2798251715","https://openalex.org/W2807086064","https://openalex.org/W2900850632","https://openalex.org/W2953532875","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2995218128","https://openalex.org/W3001897055","https://openalex.org/W3003668884","https://openalex.org/W3005272159","https://openalex.org/W3005656138","https://openalex.org/W3006082171","https://openalex.org/W3006110666","https://openalex.org/W3006882119","https://openalex.org/W3007497549","https://openalex.org/W3008827533","https://openalex.org/W3008985036","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3013130152","https://openalex.org/W3013507463","https://openalex.org/W3013601031","https://openalex.org/W3014561994","https://openalex.org/W3014754999","https://openalex.org/W3015292413","https://openalex.org/W3016907668","https://openalex.org/W3017855299","https://openalex.org/W3022133958","https://openalex.org/W3024513077","https://openalex.org/W3038199445","https://openalex.org/W3040423685","https://openalex.org/W3096956107","https://openalex.org/W3101285135","https://openalex.org/W3105081694","https://openalex.org/W3121263745","https://openalex.org/W3126400175","https://openalex.org/W3162351260","https://openalex.org/W3170253149","https://openalex.org/W3170428747","https://openalex.org/W3200852930","https://openalex.org/W3207930677","https://openalex.org/W4206116594","https://openalex.org/W4206952899","https://openalex.org/W4211250103","https://openalex.org/W4230649743","https://openalex.org/W4252309941","https://openalex.org/W4381733771","https://openalex.org/W6677308222","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6751045465","https://openalex.org/W6784557086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2894173309","https://openalex.org/W4387932263","https://openalex.org/W2098962763","https://openalex.org/W2371065793","https://openalex.org/W2157746493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,146,172],"outbreak":[1],"of":[2,20,35,51,118,120,151,168,189],"COVID-19":[3,155],"has":[4,15],"shocked":[5],"the":[6,21,30,49,64,116,121,152,166,169,177,180,187,202],"entire":[7],"world":[8],"with":[9,48],"its":[10,27],"fairly":[11],"rapid":[12],"spread,":[13],"and":[14,32,43,80,82,95,138,162],"challenged":[16],"different":[17,72,195],"sectors.":[18],"One":[19],"most":[22,181],"effective":[23],"ways":[24],"to":[25,91,106,160,193],"limit":[26],"spread":[28],"is":[29],"early":[31],"accurate":[33],"diagnosing":[34],"infected":[36],"patients.":[37],"Medical":[38],"imaging,":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"X-ray":[42,100],"computed":[44],"tomography":[45],"(CT),":[46],"combined":[47],"potential":[50],"artificial":[52],"intelligence":[53],"(AI),":[54],"plays":[55],"an":[56],"essential":[57],"role":[58],"in":[59,63,68],"supporting":[60],"medical":[61],"personnel":[62],"diagnosis":[65],"process.":[66],"Thus,":[67],"this":[69],"article,":[70],"five":[71],"deep":[73],"learning":[74],"models":[75,153,196],"(ResNet18,":[76],"ResNet34,":[77],"InceptionV3,":[78],"InceptionResNetV2,":[79],"DenseNet161)":[81],"their":[83],"ensemble,":[84],"using":[85,98,126,140,190],"majority":[86],"voting,":[87],"have":[88],"been":[89],"used":[90],"classify":[92],"COVID-19,":[93],"pneumoni\u00e6":[94],"healthy":[96],"subjects":[97],"chest":[99],"images.":[101],"Multilabel":[102],"classification":[103],"was":[104,123,163],"performed":[105],"predict":[107],"multiple":[108],"pathologies":[109],"for":[110,154,165],"each":[111,119],"patient,":[112],"if":[113],"present.":[114],"Firstly,":[115],"interpretability":[117,128,191],"networks":[122],"thoroughly":[124],"studied":[125],"local":[127],"methods-occlusion,":[129],"saliency,":[130],"input":[131],"X":[132],"gradient,":[133],"guided":[134],"backpropagation,":[135],"integrated":[136],"gradients,":[137],"DeepLIFT-and":[139],"a":[141,199],"global":[142],"technique-neuron":[143],"activation":[144],"profiles.":[145],"mean":[147],"micro":[148],"F1":[149],"score":[150],"classifications":[156],"ranged":[157],"from":[158],"0.66":[159],"0.875,":[161],"0.89":[164],"ensemble":[167],"network":[170],"models.":[171,183],"qualitative":[173],"results":[174],"showed":[175],"that":[176],"ResNets":[178],"were":[179],"interpretable":[182],"This":[184],"research":[185],"demonstrates":[186],"importance":[188],"methods":[192],"compare":[194],"before":[197],"making":[198],"decision":[200],"regarding":[201],"best":[203],"performing":[204],"model.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}