{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389937570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010001","title":"Segmentation of Substantia Nigra in Brain Parenchyma Sonographic Images Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Segmentation of Substantia Nigra in Brain Parenchyma Sonographic Images Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389937570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010001","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38276318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/1/1/pdf?version=1702966865","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/1/1/pdf?version=1702966865","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093528933","display_name":"Giansalvo Gusinu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-2508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giansalvo Gusinu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-2508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037807776","display_name":"Claudia Frau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0140-8034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Frau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0140-8034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081393800","display_name":"Giuseppe A. Trunfio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-8334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe A. Trunfio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-8334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046505432","display_name":"Paolo Solla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-0665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Solla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-0665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031006924","display_name":"Leonardo A. Sechi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-2049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Antonio Sechi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0566-2049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031006924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.6385,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70104573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.80039381980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.7342782616615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7200684547424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7018595337867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6320530772209167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.6170491576194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.6084154844284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substantia-nigra","display_name":"Substantia nigra","score":0.55769944190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-diagnosis","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","score":0.5368685126304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43792280554771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.41762933135032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.3887293040752411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3729214668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3081128001213074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinsons-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.2964400053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.22782865166664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.20574623346328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.16217651963233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10996812582015991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.80039381980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.7342782616615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7200684547424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7018595337867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6320530772209167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.6170491576194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.6084154844284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780938664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753278","display_name":"Substantia nigra","level":4,"score":0.55769944190979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122413","display_name":"Computer-aided diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.5368685126304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43792280554771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.41762933135032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3887293040752411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3729214668273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3081128001213074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","level":3,"score":0.2964400053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.22782865166664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.20574623346328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.16217651963233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10996812582015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/1/1/pdf?version=1702966865","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38276318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38276318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11154334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11154334","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11154334/pdf/jimaging-10-00001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2048d6210dd5402ea2421b430f6cff90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2048d6210dd5402ea2421b430f6cff90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 1 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jimaging10010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/1/1/pdf?version=1702966865","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736465063","display_name":"Journal of Imaging","issn_l":"2313-433X","issn":["2313-433X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4784294581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIN 2022 n: 2022BP837R to LAS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326069","display_name":"Regione Autonoma della Sardegna","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389937570.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45249900","https://openalex.org/W144926097","https://openalex.org/W1571027882","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1964440671","https://openalex.org/W1992955287","https://openalex.org/W2008560062","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2038824324","https://openalex.org/W2041184080","https://openalex.org/W2074071617","https://openalex.org/W2092462980","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2105217228","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112455323","https://openalex.org/W2118749287","https://openalex.org/W2130252152","https://openalex.org/W2145803225","https://openalex.org/W2159024814","https://openalex.org/W2171896058","https://openalex.org/W2216669474","https://openalex.org/W2281923782","https://openalex.org/W2329039435","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2473108490","https://openalex.org/W2612968254","https://openalex.org/W2752517284","https://openalex.org/W2755930428","https://openalex.org/W2778489784","https://openalex.org/W2784260578","https://openalex.org/W2897943478","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2979977962","https://openalex.org/W3047822139","https://openalex.org/W3099861653","https://openalex.org/W3101294892","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3154931192","https://openalex.org/W3166117684","https://openalex.org/W3170611527","https://openalex.org/W4229459726","https://openalex.org/W4285818515","https://openalex.org/W4292939762","https://openalex.org/W4306630545","https://openalex.org/W4379140988","https://openalex.org/W6755348854","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W7024727592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589419489","https://openalex.org/W4229543669","https://openalex.org/W1783185948","https://openalex.org/W615772105","https://openalex.org/W2999505641","https://openalex.org/W2401866201","https://openalex.org/W2945629533","https://openalex.org/W1554029525","https://openalex.org/W2013631688","https://openalex.org/W2553942461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"Parkinson's":[1],"Disease":[2],"(PD)":[3],"is":[4,30,94],"diagnosed":[5],"primarily":[6],"based":[7],"on":[8],"symptoms":[9],"by":[10],"experts":[11],"clinicians.":[12],"Neuroimaging":[13],"exams":[14],"represent":[15],"an":[16,61,145],"important":[17],"tool":[18],"to":[19,32,59,128,166,190],"confirm":[20],"the":[21,34,70,73,97,116,129,138,142,153,162,172,179,185],"clinical":[22,79],"diagnosis.":[23],"Among":[24],"them,":[25],"Brain":[26],"Parenchyma":[27],"Sonography":[28],"(BPS)":[29],"used":[31,154],"evaluate":[33],"hyperechogenicity":[35],"of":[36,45,56,72,89,105,120,141,144,174,187],"Substantia":[37],"Nigra":[38],"(SN),":[39],"found":[40,95],"in":[41,78,86,112,124,161,170,184],"more":[42],"than":[43],"90%":[44],"PD":[46],"patients.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49,113,132],"article,":[50],"we":[51],"exploit":[52],"a":[53,102],"new":[54],"dataset":[55],"BPS":[57,90,125],"images":[58],"investigate":[60],"automatic":[62,122],"segmentation":[63,88,123],"approach":[64],"for":[65,181],"SN":[66,87,121],"that":[67,96,131],"can":[68,134],"increase":[69],"accuracy":[71],"exam":[74],"and":[75,118,176],"its":[76],"practicability":[77],"routine.":[80],"This":[81],"study":[82,114,133],"achieves":[83],"state-of-the-art":[84],"performance":[85],"images.":[91],"Indeed,":[92],"it":[93],"modified":[98],"U-Net":[99],"network":[100],"scores":[101],"Dice":[103],"coefficient":[104],"0.859":[106],"\u00b1":[107],"0.037.":[108],"The":[109],"results":[110],"presented":[111],"demonstrate":[115],"feasibility":[117],"usefulness":[119],"medical":[126],"images,":[127],"point":[130],"be":[135,158,167],"considered":[136],"as":[137],"first":[139],"stage":[140],"development":[143],"end-to-end":[146],"CAD":[147,188],"(Computer":[148],"Aided":[149],"Detection)":[150],"system.":[151],"Furthermore,":[152],"dataset,":[155],"which":[156],"will":[157],"further":[159],"enriched":[160],"future,":[163],"has":[164],"proven":[165],"very":[168],"effective":[169],"supporting":[171],"training":[173],"CNNs":[175],"may":[177],"pave":[178],"way":[180],"future":[182],"studies":[183],"field":[186],"applied":[189],"PD.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
