{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129272105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010037","title":"Investigating Security Vulnerabilities in 5G Control and User Planes: Attack Patterns and Protection Strategies","display_name":"Investigating Security Vulnerabilities in 5G Control and User Planes: Attack Patterns and Protection Strategies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129272105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010037","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068012442","display_name":"Samuel Aiello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1260-7227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800752714","display_name":"Comcast (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00sgxyw28","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800752714"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuel T. Aiello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Comcast Corporation, Comcast Center, 1701 JFK Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Comcast Corporation, Comcast Center, 1701 JFK Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800752714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026032717","display_name":"Bhaskar Prasad Rimal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-9293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar P. Rimal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019549865","display_name":"Frederick T. Sheldon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1241-2750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick T. Sheldon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126185969","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068012442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800752714"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1082},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77983891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"37","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.6215999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.6215999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.05739999935030937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.053199999034404755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-surface","display_name":"Attack surface","score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firewall","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-policy","display_name":"Security policy","score":0.3822000026702881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6622999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776576444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303569","display_name":"Attack surface","level":2,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4115000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145595949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371619","display_name":"Routing control plane","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117110713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394676","display_name":"Network security policy","level":4,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92afde2d363e44a4899e36f285b3cd9c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92afde2d363e44a4899e36f285b3cd9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 37 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586361965","https://openalex.org/W2906890170","https://openalex.org/W2946869648","https://openalex.org/W3125079156","https://openalex.org/W3162449511","https://openalex.org/W3194394634","https://openalex.org/W4280556527","https://openalex.org/W4285319382","https://openalex.org/W4292322688","https://openalex.org/W4311802933","https://openalex.org/W4361984681","https://openalex.org/W4382244886","https://openalex.org/W4390187627","https://openalex.org/W4405358031","https://openalex.org/W4406824422"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,107,144],"rollout":[1],"of":[2,41,45],"5G":[3,50,164],"Standalone":[4],"networks":[5,165],"introduces":[6],"unprecedented":[7],"flexibility":[8],"and":[9,18,30,52,55,71,81,104,116,140,166],"performance":[10],"through":[11],"service-based":[12],"architecture":[13],"(SBA),":[14],"virtualization,":[15],"open":[16],"APIs,":[17],"network":[19,69],"slicing,":[20],"while":[21],"simultaneously":[22],"expanding":[23],"the":[24,42,49,122,137,167],"attack":[25],"surface":[26],"across":[27],"control,":[28],"user,":[29],"cross-plane":[31],"interfaces.":[32],"This":[33],"article":[34],"provides":[35],"a":[36,60],"systematic,":[37],"vulnerability-prioritized,":[38],"selective":[39],"characterization":[40],"current":[43],"state":[44],"weaknesses":[46],"specific":[47],"to":[48,67,91,135],"control":[51],"user":[53,138],"planes":[54],"transparent":[56],"risk":[57],"scoring.":[58],"Using":[59],"PRISMA-aligned":[61],"methodology,":[62],"vulnerabilities":[63],"are":[64],"mapped":[65],"explicitly":[66],"3GPP":[68],"functions":[70],"interfaces":[72],"(e.g.,":[73],"AMF,":[74],"SMF,":[75],"UPF;":[76],"N2,":[77],"N4,":[78],"SBA":[79],"APIs)":[80],"categorized":[82],"by":[83],"operational":[84],"evidence":[85],"level":[86],"ranging":[87],"from":[88],"theoretical":[89],"analysis":[90,108],"documented":[92],"live-network":[93],"exploitation.":[94],"A":[95],"normalized":[96],"criticality":[97],"scoring":[98],"model":[99],"integrates":[100],"likelihood,":[101],"impact,":[102],"exploitability,":[103],"CVSS-derived":[105],"severity.":[106],"shows":[109],"that":[110,160],"control-plane":[111],"signaling":[112],"floods,":[113],"PFCP":[114],"misuse,":[115],"container":[117],"escapes":[118],"stand":[119],"out":[120],"as":[121],"most":[123],"pressing":[124],"risks.":[125],"It":[126],"also":[127],"exposes":[128],"how":[129],"little":[130],"attention":[131],"has":[132],"been":[133],"given":[134],"securing":[136],"plane":[139],"strengthening":[141],"slice":[142],"isolation.":[143],"paper":[145],"wraps":[146],"up":[147],"with":[148,157],"clear,":[149],"evidence-based":[150],"hardening":[151],"priorities":[152],"for":[153,162],"each":[154],"plane,":[155],"along":[156],"research":[158],"areas":[159],"matter":[161],"today\u2019s":[163],"shift":[168],"toward":[169],"6G.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2026-02-18T00:00:00"}
