{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128438916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010031","title":"Fast and Lightweight Hybrid Image Encryption and Steganography Leveraging an SPN, Chaotic Maps, and LSB Substitution","display_name":"Fast and Lightweight Hybrid Image Encryption and Steganography Leveraging an SPN, Chaotic Maps, and LSB Substitution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128438916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/31/pdf?version=1770640011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/31/pdf?version=1770640011","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068664987","display_name":"Abdullah Alaklabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8800-3253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206935292","display_name":"Shaqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hawb687","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}],"countries":["SA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alaklabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA","Department of Computer Science, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1190-1556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206935292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103219192","display_name":"Muhammad Asfand Hafeez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-8447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asfand Hafeez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8017-8447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Arslan Munir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-8945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arslan Munir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-8945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1114},"fwci":6.3101,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93645016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9230999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9230999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.05820000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-encryption","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image","display_name":"Digital image","score":0.39910000562667847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7254999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.48750001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54569210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246854","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","level":3,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13179402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7606662","display_name":"Steganography tools","level":4,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779374083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011038","display_name":"CHAOS (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184685986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505167","display_name":"Multiple encryption","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205330730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587182","display_name":"Logistic map","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46905813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4640678","display_name":"56-bit encryption","level":4,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104140500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088159","display_name":"Row and column spaces","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/31/pdf?version=1770640011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:219d8c2d96974349bf970209bc2219a0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/219d8c2d96974349bf970209bc2219a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 31 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcp6010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/6/1/31/pdf?version=1770640011","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210232532","display_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","issn_l":"2624-800X","issn":["2624-800X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128438916.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7128438916.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031198865","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2122942551","https://openalex.org/W2146621575","https://openalex.org/W2170334586","https://openalex.org/W2174708000","https://openalex.org/W2322622188","https://openalex.org/W2323473128","https://openalex.org/W2783147112","https://openalex.org/W2786637814","https://openalex.org/W2901602009","https://openalex.org/W2915863155","https://openalex.org/W2950831389","https://openalex.org/W2990789364","https://openalex.org/W2995366209","https://openalex.org/W2998154400","https://openalex.org/W2999870007","https://openalex.org/W3013354559","https://openalex.org/W3213670849","https://openalex.org/W4210663935","https://openalex.org/W4362578497","https://openalex.org/W4382702296","https://openalex.org/W4387971529","https://openalex.org/W4391611071","https://openalex.org/W4402124128","https://openalex.org/W4415988676"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112,125,138,187],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,14,134,150,160,170,199],"digital":[4],"communication":[5],"has":[6],"heightened":[7],"the":[8,11,22,129,135,143,148,151,156,161,171],"need":[9],"for":[10,36,118,206],"secure":[12],"transfer":[13],"sensitive":[15],"image":[16,78],"data.":[17],"This":[18,98],"is":[19],"due":[20,49],"to":[21,47,50,62,101],"increasing":[23],"threats":[24],"posed":[25],"by":[26],"cyberattacks":[27],"and":[28,38,54,75,80,94,105,120,131,158,176,181,201,210],"unauthorized":[29],"access.":[30],"Traditional":[31],"encryption":[32,79,136,209],"methods,":[33],"while":[34,107],"effective":[35],"text":[37],"binary":[39],"data,":[40],"often":[41],"face":[42],"significant":[43],"challenges":[44],"when":[45],"applied":[46],"images,":[48],"their":[51],"larger":[52],"size":[53],"complex":[55],"structure.":[56],"These":[57],"characteristics":[58],"make":[59],"it":[60,204],"difficult":[61],"provide":[63],"a":[64,73,85,89],"robust":[65],"security":[66,104,157],"solution.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"present":[72],"fast":[74],"efficient":[76],"hybrid":[77,208],"steganography":[81,211],"algorithm":[82,163,192],"that":[83,190],"leverages":[84],"substitution\u2013permutation":[86],"network":[87],"(SPN),":[88],"chaotic":[90,113],"logistic":[91],"map":[92,114],"(CLM),":[93],"least-significant-bit":[95],"(LSB)":[96],"substitution.":[97],"approach":[99],"aims":[100],"improve":[102],"data":[103,145],"confidentiality":[106],"maintaining":[108],"low":[109],"computational":[110],"complexity.":[111],"generates":[115],"random":[116],"sequences":[117],"substitution":[119,140],"permutation,":[121],"ensuring":[122],"high":[123],"unpredictability.":[124],"SPN":[126],"framework":[127],"improves":[128],"confusion":[130],"diffusion":[132],"properties":[133],"process.":[137],"LSB":[139],"method":[141],"hides":[142],"encrypted":[144],"values":[146],"within":[147],"pixels":[149],"cover":[152],"image.":[153],"We":[154],"evaluate":[155],"efficiency":[159],"proposed":[162],"using":[164],"various":[165],"statistical":[166],"tests,":[167],"including":[168],"measurement":[169],"mean":[172],"square":[173],"error":[174],"(MSE)":[175],"peak":[177],"signal-to-noise":[178],"ratio":[179],"(PSNR)":[180],"pixel":[182],"difference":[183],"histogram":[184],"(PDH)":[185],"analysis.":[186],"results":[188],"indicate":[189],"our":[191],"outperforms":[193],"many":[194],"existing":[195],"methods":[196],"in":[197],"terms":[198],"speed":[200],"efficiency,":[202],"making":[203],"suitable":[205],"real-time":[207],"applications.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}